BIOLOGY 171: EXAM 4
50 Cards in this Set
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emigration
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movement of organism out of population
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geographic range
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How widely a population is spread and the factors that determine its distribution.
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immigration
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the movement of organisms into a population
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population
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All the individuals of a given species that live and reproduce in a particular place; one of several interbreeding groups of organisms of the same species living in the same geographical area.
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population density
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The size of a population divided by its range.
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population size
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The number of individuals of all ages alive at a particular time in a particular place.
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adaptive radiation
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A bout of unusually rapid evolutionary diversification in which natural selection accelerates the rates of both speciation and adaptation.
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geologic timescale
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The series of time divisions that mark Earth’s long history.
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hominin
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A member of one of the different species in the group leading to humans.
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Hominid
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Member of taxonomic family that includes humans and their fossil ancestors
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Endemic
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species found only within a certain region
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Epidemic
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sudden outbreak at local, regional scale
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Pandemic
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A disease that spreads to more continents than one
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infectious period
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time during which the host can infect another host
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spillover
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movement of a disease from one host species to another
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vector-borne disease
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one that is transmitted between hosts via a vector, most commonly an anthropod
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zoonosis
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infection that moves between non-human animal and human population
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chemotroph
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organisms that derive their energy from organic molecules
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phototroph
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organisms that derive their energy from the sun
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Entropy
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A measure of the disorder of a thermodynamic system.
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eutrophication
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excessive plant and algal growth due to increased availability of one or more limiting growth factors needed for photosynthesis
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Respiration
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The conversion of oxygen by living things into the energy by which they continue life.
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decomposer
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An organism that breaks down dead tissues, feeding on the dead cells or bodies of other organisms.
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hetertroph
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organisms that gain their carbon source from other organisms
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autotroph
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organisms that are able to convert atmospheric carbon to an organic form, like glucose
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ecosystem
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A community of organisms and the physical environment it occupies.
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trophic level
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a species' position in an energy food chain
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trophic pyramid
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A diagram that traces the flow of energy through communities, showing the amount of energy available at each level to feed the next.; the pyramid shape results because biomass and the energy it represents generally decrease from one trophic level to the next
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Biogeochemical cycle
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cyclic flow of nutrients between the nonliving and living components of the ecosystem
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Biosphere
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interactions of biota and atmosphere
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DECOMPOSITION
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the process of changing once-living material into organic matter.
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flux
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The rate at which a substance, for example carbon, flows from one reservoir to another.
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mycorrhizae
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Symbioses between roots and fungi that enhance nutrient uptake.
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nitrogen fixation
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The process in which nitrogen gas (N2) is converted into ammonia (NH3), a form biologically useful to primary producers.
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pool
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a reservoir in which carbon is stored
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reservoir
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a pool in which carbon is stored
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anthropocene
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recent period when humans have had a significant impact on Earth's ecosystems
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ecological footprint
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The quantification of individual human claims on global resources by adding up all the energy, food, materials, and services used and estimating how much land is required to provide those resources.
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extinction
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the state or process of a species, family, or larger group being or becoming extinct.
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phenology
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study of periodic life cycle events and how those change with climate and seasonal changes in the environment
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phenotypic plasticity
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ability of a particular genotype to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment
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Altruism
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behavior that might decrease individual fitness, but increase fitness of others
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fixed action pattern
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A sequence of behaviors that, once triggered, is followed through to completion.
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Innate behavior
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Animal behavior that is developmentally fixed and under strong genetic control; no learning required
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intrasexual selection
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selection within the same sex; individuals of one sex compete directly for mates of the opposite sex
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intersexual selection
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individuals of one sex are choosy in selecting their mates, usually the females
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key stimulus
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A stimulus that initiates a fixed action pattern.
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learned behavior
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Describes a behavior that depends on an individual’s experience.
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Quorum Sensing
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Used by bacteria to sense each other and the environment; use it to coordinate gene expression according to the density of their local population
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sexual dimorphism
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A phenotypic difference between the sexes.
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BIOLOGY 171: EXAM 1