ANTHRBIO 201: MIDTERM 2
50 Cards in this Set
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Plesiadapids
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-Early primates in the Paleocene (65-56 mya)
-Ca. 55 mya
-Looked like squirrels (rodent-like)
-Protoprimates
-Northern latitudes
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Euriprimates
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-Adapids: Lemur-like
-Omomyids: Tarsier-like
-Eocene (56-35 mya)=Warming
-Northern latitudes
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First monkeys from the Oligocene
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-1st Old World Monkeys
-1st New World monkeys
-Oligocene (35-23 mya): cooler
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Miocene
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-Miocene (23-5 mya)
-Apes diversify
-Hominins originate
-Warming
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Pliocene
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-Hominins diversify
-Apes diminish in diversity
-Monkeys expand in diversity
-Homo originates
-More open habitats
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Radiometric Dating
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Any dating method that takes advantage of the fact that isotopes of certain elements change spontaneously from one isotope to another at a constant rate.
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Relative Dating
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Determining the order of past events (the age of an object in comparison with another) without necessarily determining the absolute age.
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Energetic Efficiency of Bipedalism
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At a slow speed, humans spend much less energy than predicted for an average quadruped.
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Reduction of heat stress hypothesis for Bipedalism
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Upright vs. All fours--less solar radiation (less surface area vertically) and more wind power (more surface area horizontally)
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Ability to carry things--Hypothesis for Bipedalism
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Quadrupeds are forced to carry things in their mouths or eat it at the location that they catch it. Bipeds can use weapons and tools for hunting because they can carry them.
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Sahelanthropus
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-Found in Chad (6-7 mya)
-Nearly complete cranium
-Flat face, short subnasal region, apical wear on canines, bipedal
-Massive brow ridges and small brain (350 cc)
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Orrorin
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-Kenya (6 mya)
-Thigh, arm, and jaw bone
-Chimp-like teeth, large canines, and post-cranial climbing adaptations
-Bipedal, thick tooth enamel
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Ardipithecus Kadabba
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-Ethiopia, 5.8-5.2 mya
-Teeth, post-cranial bones, and foot bone
-Sharpened canines
-Questionable bipedalism
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Ardipithecus Ramidus
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-Ethiopia, 4.4 mya
-Teeth, jaws, lower skull, and upper arm bone
-Small molars, thin enamel
-Incisor-like canines, forward facing foramen magnum
-Small brain, small face with a projecting muzzle, small brow ridges, very small canines
-Short ilium but long ischium
-Foot lacks longitu…
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Australopithecus Anamensis
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-Turkana, Kenya--4.2-3.8 mya
-Upper and lower jaw, teeth, lower leg, and upper arm
-Primitive feats: U-shaped dental arcade, receding chin
-Derived feats: Large molars, thick enamel, small canines, bipedal
-Dry woodlands, riverine forest, open grassland
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Australopithecus Afarensis
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-3 mya
-Knee joint
-Long femoral neck, thicker and wider ilium, knee close to center of body, feet with longitudinal arches
-Sexual dimorphism
-No tool use
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Lucy
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-Australopithecus afarensis
-Large portion of the skeleton-1974
-Dated at 3.2 mya
-Ape-like skull
-Bipedal
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Dikika child
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-3 year old child
-Australopithecus afarensis
-Chimp-like projecting face
-Brain size (300 cc) 75% of adult brains
-Matured slower than chimps
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Australopithecus Africanus
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-South Africa, 3-2.2 mya
-Bipedal
-Small brains (460 cc)
-Sexual dimorphism in canine and body size
-Shorter faces, smaller front teeth, shorter canines, flexed base of cranium compared to afarensis
-Big molars and premolars, thick enamel, large and sturdy jaw
-Rapid maturing, like …
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Australopithecus Garhi
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-Ethiopia, 2.5 mya
-Various postcrania and cranial fragments found
-Primitive feats: small brain and prognathic face
-Derived feats: Possible tool use
-Considerable variation in size and robustness
-Sagittal crest
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Australopithecus Sediba
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-South Africa, 1.98 mya
-Partial skeleton of one juvenile and one adult
-Primitive feats: small brain (420 cc)
-Derived feats: less postorbital constriction
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Paranthropus Aethiopicus
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-"Black skull"
-Lake Turkana, Kenya-2.5 mya
-Primitive feats: small brains
-Derived feats: megadont, heavy chewing apparatus
-Sexual dimorphism
-Enormous molars, large jaws, larger temporalis muscles, flared cheekbones
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Paranthropus Boisei
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-East Africa, 2.2-1.3 mya
-Primitive feats: small brains
-Derived feats: large molars, sagittal crest
-Quite robust
-Large molars, thick enamel, specialized for heavy chewing
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Paranthropus Robustus
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-South Africa, 1.8-1 mya
-Derived feats: enormous molars and lower jaw, sagittal crest, flaring zygomatic arches, bipedal
-Primitive feats: small brains (530 cc)
-Sexual Dimorphism
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Early Hominin Features
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Thick tooth enamel, wide dental arcade, bipedalism, large cheek teeth, small canines, sexual dimorphism, brain size (400-500 cc)
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Later Hominin Characteristics
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Slow development, prolonged infant dependence, material culture
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Anatomical feats associated w/ Bipedalism
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-Femurs angle inward
-Pelvis (Short, wide, flaring iliac blades)
-Position of foramen magnum
-Feet with longitudinal arches
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Femurs angle inward
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Knee closer to the center of body. This eliminates crab-walking or sideways shuffling like chimps, whose knees face outward.
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Short, wide pelvis and flaring iliac blades
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Presence of abductors: torque produced by body weight + torque produced by abductor muscles = stable, balanced pelvic movement. Without abductors, hips shift from side to side, having to favor the leg without the body weight on it. In humans, the lesser gluteal muscles act as abductors th…
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Position of foramen magnum
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In bipeds, the foramen magnum is in a forward position to allow the spine to jut straight down. Great apes have foramen magnums further back toward the occipital lobe so that they can move their head to look forward while walking on all fours.
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Feet with longitudinal arches
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The foot is a stable platform, with the arch absorbing shock and acting as a propulsive spring. Promotes dorsiflexion. Bipedality also led to the loss of a grasping big toe.
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Paranthropus/Australopithecus Differences
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Paranthropus had a sagittal crest and flaring zygomatic arches to allow for larger temporalis muscles. Their faces were specialized for heavier chewing.
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Homo Evolutionary Trends
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-Larger brain
-Meat eating
-Smaller teeth with thinner enamel
-Parabolic dental arcade
-More rounded, less pneumatized skull
-Smaller, less prognathic face
-Reduced jaw musculature
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Homo Habilis/Rudolfensis
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-Ethiopia and East Africa, 2.8-1.4 mya
-Brain size 500-8-- cc
-Oldowan technology
-Small teeth
-KNM ER 1813 (H. Habilis)
-KOOBI FORA, KNM ER 1470 (H. Rudolfensis)
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Reconstruction of the Evolution of Human Behavior--Sources
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1. Archaeological material remains left by early hominins
2. Behavior of current primates
3. Behavior of current human hunter-gatherers
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Extractive Foraging
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-When primates exploit food that is difficult to find and extract
-Learned skill
-Occurs with a sexual division of labor
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Implications of extractive foraging
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-Complex foraging-learning-large brains-prolonged juvenile dependence-longer life spans
-Complex foraging-food sharing-increased paternal effort-reduced male competition-reduced sexual dimorphism
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Taphonomy
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The study of the processes that affect an animal's remains from the time it dies to the time it fossilizes
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Evidence of hunting/scavenging
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-Cut marks on bones
-Marks on early tools
-Damage to larger bones/smaller bones
-Tool material was transported over long distances
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Homo Ergaster/Erectus
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-1.8 mya
-Dispersal out of Africa, appears in E. Asia
-Dmanisi skull
-Ancestral traits: skull narrows behind eyes, receding forehead, flattened skull, broad, flat face, no chin
-Derived traits: small, less prognathic face, small teeth, large brain size (1000 cc), height w/in modern ra…
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Turkana (Nariokotome) Boy
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-KNM WT 15000
-8/12 year old boy
-5 ft. 4 inches (6 ft as an adult)
-Long legs, narrow hips and shoulders, heavily muscled, small pelvic opening, reduced sexual dimorophism
-Long distance running
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H. Ergaster/ H. Erectus Differences
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Ergaster: Acheulian tools, Africa and Western Asia
Erectus: Oldowan tools, Eastern Asia
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Homo Ergaster/Erectus Behavior
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-Large adult brain size, small pelvic inlet (Prolonged infant care)
-Reduced sexual dimorphism (less male-male competition)
-Acheulian hand axes (Large animal butchering?)
-Fire use
-First to migrate out of Africa
-Meat-eating
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Homo Heidelbergensis
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-800,000-500,000 years ago
-Derived feats: Large brains (1200-1300 cc), high foreheads, rounded skulls
-Primitive feats: thick cranium, large, prognathic face, no chin, large browridges, robust postcrania
-Technology: large, retouched flakes
-Regional differences in morphology
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Homo Floresiensis
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-"The hobbit"
-Liang Bua, Flores
-35-12 kya
-7 individuals found: complete skull, arms, legs, feet
-Flake tools & charred animal remains
-1 meter tall
-380 cc brain size
-"The hobbit"
-Liang Bua, Flores
-35-12 kya
-7 individuals found: complete skull, arms, legs, feet
-Flake to…
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Neanderthals
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-Europe/Middle East
-127,000-30,000 ya
-Stocky, muscular bodies adapted to cold climate
-1245-1740 cc brains
-Big faces, large noses
-Small cheek teeth; large, heavily worn front teeth
-Mousterian tool technology: dominated by flakes, local material
-Hunted large game
-First to bu…
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Chimp habitat
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Rainforests, secondary forests, woodlands, and dry, riverine forests
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Chimp Diet
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Fruit, insects and meat
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Chimp demographic parameters/population density
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Territories vary between 5-40 km. Density averages between 0.1-5 per square km. Birth rates = 1 infant every 5-6 years. Death rate is 30% in the first two years of life. Lifespan = 45-50 years
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Chimpanzee Hunting
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-Red Colobus Monkeys
-High hunting success rates (more so than other carnivores)
-Meat-sharing w/ estrous females and close male companions to maintain coalitions
-Hunting party size/Hunting frequency increase with fruit availability
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ANTHRBIO 201: MIDTERM 2