BIOL 1411: Chapter 1
37 Cards in this Set
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Biology
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the scientific study of living things (organisms)
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Cells
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individual structures enclosed by plasma membranes
extract energy from environment.
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genetic information
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uses universal code to specify the assembly of proteins
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what were the 2 big parts in evolution
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Fatty acids & nucleic acids
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nucleic acids
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can reproduce themselves, templates for synthesis of proteins
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proteins
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large molecules with complex but stable shapes
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fatty acids
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molecules that dont dissolve in water, instead form membranous film (ignited form spherical structure)
big role in creation
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Prokaryotes
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unicellular organisms
no nuclei
no organelles
(bacteria & archaea)
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eukaryotes
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organisms contain nucleus
all other life besides prokaryotes & viruses
nucleus contains genetic material & mitochondria
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cellular specialization
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specialize in certain functions, happens in some eukaryotes when remain attached during cell division
become more efficient!
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Photosynthesis
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organisms capture energy through sun
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metabolism
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energy transformations; sum total chemical reactions in organism
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aerobic metabolism
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biochemical process uses O2 to extract energy from nutrient molecules (more efficient - organisms grow larger)
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anaerobic metabolism
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biochemical process to extract energy from nutrient molecules WITHOUT O2
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genome
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blueprint of cells DNA molecules (sum of all)
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DNA
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fundamental hereditary material of all living organisms
4 different subunits (nucleotides)
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genes
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segments of DNA
encodes info cell uses to create amino acids & form them into proteins
sequence of nucleotides
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what are errors with replication
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mutantions
occur spontaneous
induced chemicals & radiation
harmful or no effect
rarely improve functions
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population
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group individuals of the same type organisms
interact with one another
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species
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similar organisms capable of interbreeding
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natural selection
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gradual process of traits become more or less common as a effect of inherited traits & reproductive success (DARWIN)
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adaptations
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traits that enhance an organisms chances of survival & reproduction in environment
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phylogenetic trees
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portrays evolutionary histories of different organisms
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Binomial
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names of species that lived in past that now extinct
Genus species (name)
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internal environment
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surround the cell, in multicellular organisms
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homeostasis
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equilibrium
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inductive logic
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taking observations and facts to create new propositions
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hypothesis
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attempt to explain phenomena; not always true
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deductive logic
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start with hypothesis goes on to predict what facts true
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controlled experiment
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manipulate 1 or more factors being tested
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comparative experiment
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all unmanipulated data
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independent variable
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variable manipulated
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dependent variable
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response measured due to independent variable
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statistical test
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probability of obtaining same result
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null hypothesis
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the claim tested by a statistical test
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model systems
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group species subjected to extensive research
white mice
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natural history
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how organisms get food, reproduce behave & interact
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BIOL 1411: Chapter 3