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BIOL 1411: Chapter 1
Biology |
the scientific study of living things (organisms) |
Cells |
individual structures enclosed by plasma membranes
extract energy from environment. |
genetic information |
uses universal code to specify the assembly of proteins |
what were the 2 big parts in evolution |
Fatty acids & nucleic acids |
nucleic acids |
can reproduce themselves, templates for synthesis of proteins |
proteins |
large molecules with complex but stable shapes |
fatty acids |
molecules that dont dissolve in water, instead form membranous film (ignited form spherical structure)
big role in creation |
Prokaryotes |
unicellular organisms
no nuclei
no organelles
(bacteria & archaea) |
eukaryotes |
organisms contain nucleus
all other life besides prokaryotes & viruses
nucleus contains genetic material & mitochondria |
cellular specialization |
specialize in certain functions, happens in some eukaryotes when remain attached during cell division
become more efficient! |
Photosynthesis |
organisms capture energy through sun |
metabolism |
energy transformations; sum total chemical reactions in organism |
aerobic metabolism |
biochemical process uses O2 to extract energy from nutrient molecules (more efficient - organisms grow larger) |
anaerobic metabolism |
biochemical process to extract energy from nutrient molecules WITHOUT O2 |
genome |
blueprint of cells DNA molecules (sum of all) |
DNA |
fundamental hereditary material of all living organisms
4 different subunits (nucleotides) |
genes |
segments of DNA
encodes info cell uses to create amino acids & form them into proteins
sequence of nucleotides |
what are errors with replication |
mutantions
occur spontaneous
induced chemicals & radiation
harmful or no effect
rarely improve functions |
population |
group individuals of the same type organisms
interact with one another |
species |
similar organisms capable of interbreeding |
natural selection |
gradual process of traits become more or less common as a effect of inherited traits & reproductive success (DARWIN) |
adaptations |
traits that enhance an organisms chances of survival & reproduction in environment |
phylogenetic trees |
portrays evolutionary histories of different organisms |
Binomial |
names of species that lived in past that now extinct
Genus species (name) |
internal environment |
surround the cell, in multicellular organisms |
homeostasis |
equilibrium |
inductive logic |
taking observations and facts to create new propositions |
hypothesis |
attempt to explain phenomena; not always true |
deductive logic |
start with hypothesis goes on to predict what facts true |
controlled experiment |
manipulate 1 or more factors being tested |
comparative experiment |
all unmanipulated data |
independent variable |
variable manipulated |
dependent variable |
response measured due to independent variable |
statistical test |
probability of obtaining same result |
null hypothesis |
the claim tested by a statistical test |
model systems |
group species subjected to extensive research
white mice |
natural history |
how organisms get food, reproduce behave & interact |