BZ 220:Final Exam
172 Cards in this Set
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water potential
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abbreviated measu
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The time to fixation or loss for an allele under drift is shorter in smaller populations than in larger populations: t or F
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TRUE
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Non random mating is a form of inbreeding
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TRUE
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What is independent assortment
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The separation of chracters on different chromosomes into different gametes, independently of each other during meiosis
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Law of succession
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Fossil and living organisms in the same location are related to one another and are different from organisms at other locations
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Phenotype
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The physical chemical or behavioral expression of the genotype in a particular environment
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segregation
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During meiosis(gametogenesis) alternate alles of a particular gene separate out to different gametes
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What is the mutation accumulation hypothesis
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Deleterious mutations and aging
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What is the comparative method
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Between 2 species a correlation like at ball
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when does population substructure occur?
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A balance between the homogenizing force of migration andbprocessesbsuch a selection and drift that can cause divergence at a local level
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symplesiomorphy
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character shared by a group of organisms that is found in their common ancestor
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autapomorphy
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derived trait that is unique to one group in a clade
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what is the phylogenetic species concept
What is the morphospecies concept
What is the biological species concets and what ca not be applied to it
homoplasy
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"same-form" occurs when traits are similar for reasons other than common ancestry
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Parsimony Uninformative
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character or info that does not give any information requires :
1-invariant
2-varies in only 1 taxon
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Reversal
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Condition when a lineage reverts to an earlier character state from a derived character state
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monophyletic
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consists of an ancestral species and all its descendents
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synapomorphy:
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A shared derived character.
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Whats is Firshers fundamental theorem of natural selection
Tokogeny
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relationships ammong individuals of the same species. These relationships are reticulate in sexually reproducing species
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Reversal
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loss of a derived character state
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Maximum likelihood
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a method that infers relationships among taxa based on the most probable tree given a particular model of evolution
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Phylogeny
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relationships among species, genera, and other higher level groups. These relationships are generall hierarchical
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Cladistics
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a method that infers relationships among taxa based on the most probable tree given a particular model of evolution
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Altruism
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when an organism increases the fitness of another individual at the expense of its own fitness
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heterozygosity
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the fraction of the population that has two different alleles for a particular locus. This is the most common measure of genetic variation
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Effective population size
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the portion of the population that is contributing alles to the next generation
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inclusive fitness
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a measure of fitness that incorporates both direct fitness (your own offspring) and indirect fitness (additional offspring from you relatives)
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Senescence
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Late in life decline in fertility and probability of survival
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Adaptive traits include those that
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went to fixation because of female choice
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pre-adaptation
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trait that evolves in one context, but is adopted for anotherfunction; large change in function from a modest change in structure.
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Genetic drift _ allelic diversity; Directional selection _ allelic diversity; Mutation _ allelic diversity
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Decreases;decreases;increases
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Compensatory mutations relating to antibiotic resistance suggest
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the mutation for resistance comes at a cost to fitness in the absence of the antibiotics
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Concidence hypothesis
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Accidental by-product of selection on other traits
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mutational meltdown
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Process in a small pop that has many mutations and loss of diversity and population leads to inbreeding depression from deleterious recessive alleles
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Trade off hypothesis
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One thing to another if host dies the pathogens die with it (virulence)
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antibiotic resistance
What is a social interaction called that benefits the actor and harms the recipient?
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selfish
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Mutualistic
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A symbiotic relationship between two organisms (mutualists) that benefits both.
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altruistic
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dedicated to the good of others; unselfish
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Spiteful
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Cost to both actor, and recipient
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Lack's Hypothesis
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♥the # of surviving offspring is the product of clutch size and the probablity of offspring survival (CS*P)
♥Prediction: NS will select for intermediate clutch size
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According to lacks hypothesis which of the following life history strategies should be favored?
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strategies that produce clutch sizes with the most surviving offspring
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Inbreeding depression is the result of
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the expression of deleterious recessive alleles due to increased homozygosity (via inbreeding)
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Some people claim that because humans have advanced medicine and technology and have such a rapidly growing population that they are no long evolving as a species
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even if we are disrupting selection our population is finite so drift happens (very slowly) and mutations are still occurring
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Compensatory mutation
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a second mutation that restores or partially restores fitness lost due to an earlier mutation
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fixation
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allele frequency reaches one
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founder effect
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sampling effect where migrants that begin a new population have allele frequencies that differ from the original larger population
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population bottleneck
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sampling effect where migrants that begin a new population have allele frequencies that differ from the source population
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Synapomorphy
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a shared derived character state such as limbs for tetrapod
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autapomorphy
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a unique derived character state such as humans having larger brain cases than all other primate species
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symplesiomorphy
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character shared by a group of organisms that is found in their common ancestor
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Convergence
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independent derivation of a derived character state in two or more different lineages such as wings in bats and birds
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homology
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similarity that is due to common ancestry such that two species have a given character state because their most recent common ancestor had the same character state
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The probability of fixation of an allele subject to genetic drift depends on
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the initial frequency of the allele
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genetic drift is a strong evolutionary force in small populations because
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the time to fixation of an allele due to drift is shorter in small populations so selection does have much time to act
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How does inbreeding depression occur
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inbreeding increaseshomozygosity and exposes deleterious recessive phenotypes to selection at a higher rate than random mating
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What is the most important in a conservation biology context?
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inbreeding depression
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Antagonistic pleiotropy
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Mutation that affects 2 diff life history traits. Trade off between reproduction early in life survival late in life
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What applies to the comparative method
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sister species are compared to determine their divergence relative to their most recent common ancestor
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polygynous
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mating system in which one man is allowed to take more than one wife
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polyandrous
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Mating system in which females have multiple male partners
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Sexual dimorphism would be expected to occur in species in which
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there is more variance for male reproductive succes than for female reproductive success
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What is not an example of female choice?
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females choosing among males based on whether or not the males have pleiotropic genes
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An evolutionary arms race between the sexes can occur within a given species because
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males try to bypass female choice through deception
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Biological species concept
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applicable when the only information available is about observations of interbreeding between individuals from different populations
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Phylogenetic species concept
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applicable when the only information available is based only on the genotype such that one can tell which individuals have which alleles
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morphospeices concept
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applicable to fossil taxa that have no extant descendants; does not consider genotypic information
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sympatic speciation
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formation of a new species due to a new ecological zone (or "niche") without geographic isolation
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allopatric speciation
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Formation of a new species by dispersal to a new location
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T or F: Microevoltuion is defined as changes in allele frequencis within a population over time
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TRUE
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The phenotypic effect of most mutation is beneficial
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FALSE
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Migration results in evolutionary change at the species level
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FALSE
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Genetic drift is a strong evolutionary force in large population
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FALSE
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Inbreeding depression is a type of non-random mating
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FALSE
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The law of succession states that
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fossil and living organisms in the same locale are more closely related to one another and different from organisms in other locales
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Tradeoffs occur among life history traits because resources and time are finite so it is not possible to maximize all life history traits at the same time
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TRUE
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Evidence for natural selction as a mechanism of microevolutionary change is provided by
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direct observation
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mendels experiments explained
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the inheritance of discrete traits
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The comparative method
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is based on examining traits from multiple different species and is based on a series of comparisons among sister groups
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Natural Selection
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the process by which forms of life having traits that better enable them toadapt to specific environmental pressures, as predators, changes in climate,or competition for food or mates, will tend to survive and reproduce ingreater numbers than others of their kind, thus ensuring the perpet…
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A scientific hypothesis must be
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falsifiable and explainable by natural laws, not supernatural processes
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bootstrap method
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a method that evaluates the branches of a tree by resampling and randomly placing pairs together . tells you the confidence you have in the tree
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Divergence of isolated populations may occur due to
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genetic drift, natural selection and sexual selection
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polypoloidy serves as a reproductive barrier between tetraploids and diploids because
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the offspring are sterile
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The most recent common ancestor of species X and Y had a single alle for the rbcL gene: alle 1. Species X has two alleles for the rbcL gene (2 and 5) and species Y has three alleles for the rbcL gene (1,3 and 4). this is an example of lineage sorting
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FALSE
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All of the fossil species that have been described in the human lineage are direct ancestors of modern humans
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FALSE
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Fossil record
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The total of all known fossils that have been described scientifically
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Law of succession
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the tendency of fossils or living animals to closely resemble earlier fossils from the same area
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Transitional fossil
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a fossil species that combines traits of two different lineages that are thought to be related
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Radiometric dating
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Estimation of the age of a rock using parent/daughter ratios of certain radioactive elements
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Homologous traits
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similarity between species that results from inheritance of traits from a common ancestor
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The hardy weinbery principle assumes there is no mutation
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TRUE
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the earth is apporximately 3.5 billion years old
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FALSE
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All mologous traits are vestigial traits
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FALSE
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What are vestigial structures
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vstigial structures are functionless or rudimentary homologs of characts that are functional in close relative
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When we say that genetic cod is redundant we are reffering to the fact that
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some amino acids are coded for by more than one codon
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The phenotypic effect of most mutations is
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neutral to slightly deleterious
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One term for a kind of selection that maintains allelic diversity is
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negative frequency dependent selection
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Stabilizing Selection
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selection favors an average variation
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directional selection
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this type of selection occurs when extreme phenotypes at one end are favoured over average. this results in a significant change in allelic frequency over time in which one phenotype is favored
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Natural Selection: Disruptive Selection
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Favors extreme phenotypes and eliminates those close to average
increases /maintains variation
can play a role in speciation
increases distribution
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If a population is in hardy weinberg equilibrium
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allele frequencies will not change from one generation to the next
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synonymous mutation
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a mutation that changes one codon for an amino acid into another codon for that same amino acid (AKA silent mutation)
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Non-synonymous
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Mutation that changes amino acid sequence
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point mutation
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the substitution of one nucleotide for another
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Chromosomal Mutation
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a change in the structure of the entire chromosome or a change in the total number of chromosomes.
Deletion, Duplication, Inversion & Translocation are examples of Chromosomal Mutation
Mrs. Y
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Mutation as an evolutionary force is
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slow unless coupled with selction
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Which sex has higher chromosomal mutations during gamete production
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females
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One explaination for why traits show continuous variation is
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many genes acting together to produce the trait
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Linaeus
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came up with the idea that species can be grouped by similarity and organized in a hierarchical way
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Lamarck
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Organisms change over time. the traits that are used=stronger and larger while not used= deteriorate
epigenetics
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Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) (Paleontology)
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-Studied fossils and rock layers
-Earth’s biota had changed over
time
-First to speculate on an age of
reptiles before mammals
(discovered a pterodactyl and
the first mosasaur)
-Established fact of extinction
-Mechanism was catastrophism
first to pulish record of extinction of 23…
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Bob stevens
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comparative genome sequencing for discovery of novel polymorphisms
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Bruce Ivins
Dr. David Acer
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-dentist from Florida
-mixed his HIV positive blood into his patients' local anesthetic to increase AIDS awareness
-Kimberly Regales: one of his patients
-source of the first large concentration of AIDS
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coevolution
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the change of two or more species in close association with each othe.
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What is optimizaiton to determine sequence of events used for?
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estabilsh order of event in which changes took place,
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What can the determination of sequence of evens do?
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can optimize any :character: onto a tree regardless of whether it is heritable or not
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What can we learn from phylogenetic analysis
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describe characters
select among characters using 3 criteria
determine which character are parsimony informative, find shortest tree topology using parsimony, determine synapomorphies, symplesiomorphies, and autapomorphies
identify monophyletic paraphylets and polyphyletic groups
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When does evolutationary independence occur?
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mutation, selection, gene flow, and drift operate on populations SEPERATELY
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Biological species concept
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reproductive isolation
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Phylogenetic species concept
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diagnosable by a unique combination of character states
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Morphospecies concept
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distinct morphological differences
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Biological species concept
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a group of interbreeding organisms that are reproductively islated from all other such groups: successfully producing fertile offspring
legal dfinition of species for endangered species act
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Phylogenetic species concept in depth
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Smallest agregation of sexual populations or asexual lineages diagnosable by a fixed,unique combination of characters states in comparable individuals
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What are the 3 examples of characters states of the phylgenetic species concept
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single DNA substitution, major morphological change, behavioral difference
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Morphospecies concept
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distinct morphological differences: subset of phylogenetic species concept
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What are the 3 easy steps to speciate
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isolation of populations
divergence of isolated population
reinforcement of reproductive isolation
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Isolation of populations
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gene flow homogenizes separate populations: migration and reproduction
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Allopatric speciation
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geographic isolation of populations
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Disperal
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individual cross barrier
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Vicariance
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new barrier separate pre-existing populations
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Isolation of populations: dispersal
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Predictions for hawaiian flora and fauna: oldest islands have earlier-derived species: most closely related species should be found on adjacent islands
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Isolation of populations Vicariance:
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Relationships of snapping shrimp populations
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Cycles of speciation
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Repeated allopatric speciation
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Isolation of populations: polyploidy:
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increase in chromosome number relativ to ancestors
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A banana of poly ploidy
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diploidx teraploid = triploid
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Isolation of populations: sympatric speciaion:
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speciation without geographical isolations: food source, host specificity, timing of reproduction
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allopatric vs. sympatric speciation
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allopatric: gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations
sympatric: speciation takes place in geographically overlapping populations
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2. Divergence of isolated populations:
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Genetic drift, natural selction, sexual selection: flies
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Genetic drift:
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procces of chance by which allele frequencis can change with no external stimuli
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Natural selection
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non-random differential survival and reproduction of individuals carrying alternative, inherited traits which results in a change of the relative frequency of genotypes
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Sexual selction
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differential success of certain individuals over others of the same sex, in relation to the propagation of species
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3. Reinforcement of reproductive isolations
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Only important for species whose distribution over laps
if no barrier to reproduction the species can merge
premating barriers to reproduction most efficient
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Why would one want to speciate?
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by product of genetic differentation of populations due to natural selection, genetic drift or both
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What is poliovirus
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Chemical synthesis of poliovirus cDNA: generation of infectious virus in the absence of natural template: genome= single stranded RNA: 7,741 nucleotides long
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what are the 5 easy steps to figure polio virus
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1.download genomic sequence from GenBank2. Convert RNA sequence to cDNA sequence 3. Order oligonucleotides from mail-order company 4. convert cDNA sequence to RNA using enzymes 5. Insert RNA into cells to multiply
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DNA-based genome
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More stable than RNA
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Used proteins
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More efficient than RNA to create phenotypeConvergence>synapmorphy
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Cellular
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Allow for compartmentalization
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Duplicate gene rooting
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Use genes that duplicated in the ancestral lineage root another
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Long branch attraction
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Lopez=universal tree of life was an artifact of long branch attraction
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Orthologous
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Genes that are homologous by descent not duplication
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Lateral gene transfer
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Movement of genetic material between diff species (not caused by descent) bacteria to archea
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Definition of life
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Store+ transmit information(genotype)(phenotype)
Evolve: gene + phenotype
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All current life from Single common ancestor
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Ribosomes (no virus)Genetic code
Use of only L isomers of amino acids
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Which isomers are used to be formed abiotically
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L and d isomers
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What can be used to make functional proteins?
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L and d isomers
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Which DNA+RNA+proteins
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RNA was the first Relatively unstable
DNA cannot create phenotype itself
Proteins: cannot self replicate
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Early atmospher
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Ammonia and methane
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Atmospher currently
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Co2 + n2
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How do u form nucleotide polymers
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Montmorillonite: polymerize
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Common relations of humans and chimps
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Knuckle waterLived in range habitats
Used tools
Hunted
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Locomotion
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Human feet: shortened toes big toe parallel to others
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Hypotheses of locomotion
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Walk erect to watch predatorsWalk erect to carry more food
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Molecular clock
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Evolve at same time constant timeCANNOT DETERMINE AGES BY ITSELF
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What is Ardipithecus rumidus character states
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Facultative bipedPelvis
Decrease canine size
Long fingers
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Foculative biped
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Walk upright on ground but also climbed wall using opposable big toes
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Human lineage hypotheses
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May not be chimpanzeeOnly us ended in extinction
Brain volume
Estimated body weight
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What is the out of Africa hypothesis
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There are species before in multiple regions
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What is the multiregional hypothesis
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Only homospians in random regions
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What are the metacarpals and how we're the evolutionized
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They r thumb to determine extinct hominids where markers and users of stone tools
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What were the tools used for?
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Leaves as sponges to clean wounds or absorb liquidsBark protect hands
Spears to hunt
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What r the tools that r used from capuchin monkey
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Wore off biting insect by rubbing themselves with toxic millipedes
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Birds
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Stones and improvised beaks
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BZ 220:Final Exam