GEOG 1114: MIDTERM
50 Cards in this Set
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What is geography?
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To write about the earth
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What are the five themes of Geography
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Place, location, region, movement, human-earth relationships
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What are earth's four spheres?
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Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Biosphere, and lithosphere
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Physical geography
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the science concerned with the spatial aspects and interactions of the physical elements and process systems that make up the environment.
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Cartography
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the making of maps and charts
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Map projection
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attempts to portray the surface of the earth or a portion of the earth on a flat surface (which is impossible!)
Distortions are results from this process
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map
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a generalized view of an area, as seen from above and reduced in size.
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What is the earth shaped like?
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Geoid
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Geoid
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"Earth-shaped" not perfectly spherical
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Meridian
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Line connecting all point along the same longitutde
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Great circle
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A plane intersecting the globe along a great circle divides the globe into equal halves and passes through its center.
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Scale
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the relationship between a distance portrayed on a map and the same distance on the earth
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Conformality
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When the scale of a map at any point of the map is the same in any direction, the projection is conformal. Meridians and parallels intersect at right angles. Shape is preserved locally on conformal maps.
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Distance
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A map is equidistant when it portrays distances from the center of the projection to any other place on the map.
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Direction
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A map preserves direction when azimuths (angles from a point on a line to another point) are portrayed correctly in all directions.
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Average distance from the earth to the sun
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93 mil
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Perihelion
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the earth is closest to the sun January 3rd.
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Aphelion
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The earth is farthest away from the sun July 4th
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Energy is transmitted as ____
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radiation
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Radiation
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something that can cause some type of change. Radiation travels as waves.
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Sun emits more energy causing wave lengths to be
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short. Hot=more energy
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Solar constant
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average amount of insolation intercepted by Earth
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Subsolar point
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point on earth receiving insolation from directly overhead
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Is there more of less energy at the poles?
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less
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Season variations are in response to
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changes in the sun's altitude (angle between the sun and the horizon), declination (latitude of the subsolar point), daylength (duration of exposure; amount of sunlight)
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Reasons for seasons
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-Axial parallelism
-Sphericity
-Revolution
-Rotation
-Tilt of earth's axis
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Revolution
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A year for earth to go around the sun
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Axial parallelism
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earths axis stays the same
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Sphericity
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Sphere spreads energy differently
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Insolation is
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incoming solar radiation. It depends on the angle of the sun above the horizon.
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Why is the southern hemp. hotter in the summer than northern hemp.?
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Because northern hemp. is 70% of land and southern hemp. is 70% of water.
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construct
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a general model of the atmosphere
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List
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the stable components of the modern atmosphere and their relative percentages
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Describe
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Conditions within the stratosphere; specifically, the function and status of the ozonosphere
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Distinguish
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between natural and anthropogenic variable gases and materials in the lower atmosphere
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Pressure
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Weight of the atmosphere on a surface. It decreases with height
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Are there more or less molecules to breathe in the higher up you?
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less
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Lapse Rate
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Rate of change in temperature with respect to rate of change in height.
L=T2-T1/Z2-Z1
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Troposphere
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-First layer
-Temperature decreases with height
-Where our weather is
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Stratosphere
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-Temperature increases with height
-Due to the ozone layer
-UV is gone
-Gets rid of UV radiation
-O3+UV=O2+O+energy
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Mesosphere
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-Elevation 50-85
-Temperature decreases with height
-0.00001% of atmosphere
-Problems for humans
-Hypoxia
-Severe burns
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Thermosphere
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about 85-250
-temperature increases with height
-Inversion is the result of absorption of solar radiation by oxygen
-Very little air at these heights
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More carbon dioxide would make ____ energy and temperature would __ __.
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more; go up
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Transmission
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Passage of energy through atmosphere or water
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Scattering
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Changing direction of light's movement, without altering its wavelength.
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If the surface of the earth were to suddenly turn white, the temperature of the planet would ___ because ___ insolation would be absorbed.
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Decrease; less
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From 23.5 degrees N. latitude to 23.5 degrees S. latitude, an energy ___ occurs in the radiation balance.
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Surplus
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Surface energy balance equation
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Q*= H+LE+G
Q*= net radiation
H=sensible heat flux
LE=latent heat flux
G=ground heat flux
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Sensible Heat
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Heat transfer between air and surface
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Latent Heat
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...
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GEOG 1114: MIDTERM