39 Cards in this Set
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How does the cognitive approach explain differences in personality?
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through the lens that people process information differently.
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"Man-the-Scientist" Perspectve
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"we generate hypotheses for situations, collect information, & either confirm or deny hypothesis."
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What did Watson use to explain human behavior?
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classical conditioning & operant conditioning.
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What type of conditioning did Pavlov use in his famous demonstration of learning with dogs?
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classical conditioning.
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Edward Thorndike observed cats learning to escape from boxes to obtain a piece of fish and derived from these observations the "law of effect." This was an early statement of __________.
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operant conditioning.
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According to Rotter, what are some examples of psychological variables that must be considered for behavior?
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beliefs
perceptions
estimation of likelihood
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Name some parts that make up Bandura's reciprocal determinism model.
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behavior influences internal factors
behavior influences external factors
external factors influence internal factors
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Token economy treatment programs are based on what concept?
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operant conditioning.
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Which behavior assessment procedure sometimes leads to improvements during the baseline data collection stage of treatment?
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self-monitoring
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A person typed as masculine is __________.
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high on masculinity and low on femininity.
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What are the four interrelated processes involved in observational learning of aggression?
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1. attend
2. remember
3. enact
4. expect
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Psychologists use shaping because of which limitation of operant conditioning?
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one must wait for the organism's response before it can be rewarded or punished.
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People are more likely to engage in a behavior if it is followed by a reward. According to Rotter, this is because the reward __________.
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changes the expectancy that the behavior will lead to rewards in the future.
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A psychologist teaches a snake-phobic client to relax. She then has the client imagine increasingly vivid scenes about snakes while relaxing. The psychologist is using which type of therapy?
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systematic desensitization.
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A behavior modification therapist wants his clients to record for a week how often and under what circumstances the client bites his fingernails. The therapist is using which assessment procedure?
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self-monitoring
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According to Bandura's model, children can learn aggressive behaviors even when they __________.
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are not rewarded for engaging in the behavior.
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Which experimental finding does Bandura's social learning model have a difficult time explaining?
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The aggression displayed by participants is not always the same kind shown in the experimental film.
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According to the original learned helplessness model, depression begins when people __________.
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have a series of aversive experiences.
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When suicidal patients were asked to relive the events that took place before an attempted suicide they __________.
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described themselves in terms of an external locus of control.
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According to studies of achievement and locus of control, someone who is an external in college is likely to have __________.
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received lower scores on achievement tests in high school.
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Who introduced the idea of behaviorism?
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John B. Watson
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In its most extreme form, behaviorism limits psychology to the study of __________.
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observable behaviors.
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__________ and __________ are used by behaviorists to explain the development and maintenance of behaviors.
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classical conditioning; operant conditioning
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B.F. Skinner
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the spokesperson for radical behaviorism.
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Classical Conditioning
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occurs when a new stimulus is paired with an existing stimulus-response bond.
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Operant Conditioning
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results when a behavior is followed by either reinforcement or punishment.
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What are the techniques that make up behavioral assessments?
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direct observation
self-monitoring
observation by others
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What are some strengths of the behavioral/social learning approach?
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it's empirical base
useful therapeutic procedures it has generated
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What are some criticisms of the behavior/social learning approach?
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inappropriate attention to important causes of behavior such as heredity
how behavior therapists interpret problems into observable behaviors
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Behaviorism
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"the school of psychology founded on the premise that behavior is measurable and can be changed through the application of various behavioral principles."
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Law of Effect
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"behaviors are more likely to be repeated if they lead to satisfying consequences and less likely to be repeated if they lead to unsatisfying consequences."
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Reinforcement
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"a consequence that increases the frequency of a behavior that precedes it."
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Positive Reinforcement
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"behavior increases because it is followed by the presentation of a reward."
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Negative Reinforcement
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"the removal or lessening of an unpleasant stimulus when the behavior occurs."
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Locus of Control
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"the amount of control a person has over situations in their life."
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Observational Learning
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"learning that occurs as a function of observing, retaining and, in the case of imitation learning, replicating novel behavior execute by other people."
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Systematic Desensitization
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"A treatment technique where the client is exposed to gradually increasing anxiety provoking stimuli while relaxing; the goal is for the client to eventually confront a phobia or fear without the previously associated anxiety."
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Token Economy
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"patients are rewarded with tokens (reinforcers) for engaging in desirable activities."
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Biofeedback.
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"a technique consisting of measuring a person's quantifiable bodily functions, such as blood pressure, heart rate, skin temperature, sweat gland activity, and muscle tension then conveying the information to the person in real-time."
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PSYC 120: Exam 2