54 Cards in this Set
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sociologists study...
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· Ineaquality in the modern world
· Broad range of topics
· Address social problems and make the world a better place
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sociology vs. common sense
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-sociology is the systematic analysis of facts
-some it might be "common sense"
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social location
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- action, life chances, and treatment of person or group of people due to their placement within the social structure
- affects access to resources and education
- the better social location you have the more likely you are to succeed
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social location: example
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-a person that is raised in an upper-class family has access to tutors that will help them get into Harvard
-a person that is born into poverty will go to a crowded public school and will struggle to succeed
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social structure
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framework of society
-how we organize society
-created to solve basic human and organizational problems that arrive in everyday life
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social structure: example
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-religion
-race
-gender
-class
-age
-sexual orientation
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social institutions
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-norms, values, and beliefs that are different for each social institution
-created from organizations and communities
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social institutions: example
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-school vs. friend setting
-you would cuss and make crude jokes in front of your friend but not at school
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social construct
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-an idea that appears as natural and obvious to those who agree upon and accept it as “real”, but it is an invention of a particular culture of society
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socially constructed reality
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-an ongoing and dynamic process
-derived and maintained from social interactions
-example: people expect you to pay in cash and not to barter
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primary socialization
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-what we learn from our primary caretakers AKA our parents
-applies to the rest of society
-example: hitting is bad, do not eat food off the floor, etc.
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secondary socialization
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-socialized by a different institution for the rest of our lives
-example:
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internalization
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-accepting society's norms as your own
-example: murder is bad
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externalization
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-put something outside of its original borders
-put a human function outside of the human body
-example: to take notes instead of letting the brain memorize
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objectification
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-social constructs that present themselves as having always been there
-happens when social constructs are taken for granted
-example: modern day cities
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subjective reality
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-the reality that pertains only to you
-example: my head really hurts
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objective reality
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-the reality that exists to everyone
-example: everyone's head hurts because their is a gas leak
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social imagination
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-the difference between personal and public issues
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personal issue
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-when only you have this issue
-example: I lost my job in the factory
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public issue
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-an issue that affects the public
-example: there is a nationwide recession and everyone at the factory is laid off
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social networks
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-the shape of a network AKA its "structure" or "topology"
-there are different ways to arrange a social network
-regardless, people will always be connected the same way
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dyadic spread
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-the tendency for the effects of something to spread to a person's direct social ties
-example: living with a person who is depressed makes you more likely to be depressed
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hyperdyadic spread
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-the tendency of effects to spread from person to person to person (outside a person’s direct social ties)
-example: you are more likely to lose weight with a friend-of-a-friend because you are less likely to bail on them
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six degrees of separation rule
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-AKA "it's a small world after all"
-on average, you are no more than six connections away from another person
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Emile Durkheim
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-one of the founding figures of sociology
-founded "functionalism" AKA "consensus perspective"
-argues that we all have shared interests which is what holds us together as a society
-most people agree on what is memorable, good, bad, necessary, morale, etc.
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consensus perspective
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-argued by Durkheim
-high degree of consensus (agreement) provides the foundation for social solidarity and stability
-everybody needs to agree with each other in order to have a good society
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collective conscience
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-the widespread beliefs/agreements that most people in society strive to live by
-we create laws to reinforce our morals and codes of behaviors
-example: the idea that is wrong to hit another person, we do not have to explain why this is wrong because everyone agrees on it
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collective effervescence
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-perceived social energy that emerges from crowd solidarity; produced by group rituals and actions
-example: everyone ran down to Mass St. when we went to the 2012 National Championship game because everyone was excited
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mechanical solidarity
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-found in simple societies
-everyone does the same jobs, rituals, etc.
-everyone has the same day to day experiences and engages in the same rituals that give everyone a likeness of mind
-example: a small tribe in the Brazilian rainforest
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organic solidarity
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-found in modern societies
-everyone has their own jobs/agendas
-this causes everyone to be dependent on one another because I cannot do my job if you do not do yours
-example: Lawrence, KS
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anomie
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-feeling of disconnect from society
-typically happens in organic solidarity
-example: Angelina felt anomie during the filming of Jersey Shore because she did not connect with her cast mates and her job
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functionalism
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-argued by Durkheim
-emphasizes society as a functioning whole with lots of different parts running it
-similar to the human body and the organs inside of it
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conflict theories
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-focuses on issues of contention, power, and inequality
-views society as a collection of competing interests
-different groups will always try to get the resources to be used in their best interest
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Karl Marx
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-founding figure of sociology
-main contributor to the "conflict theories"
-he predicted that communism would eventually overthrow capitalism
-many of his predictions have come true today
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social classes
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-to some extent they are achieved
-but mostly we are just born into them
-social classes are fluid, but not as much as you think
-most people do not achieve upward mobility
-social classes influence our social outcomes
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Marxist theory of history
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-slavery
-feudalism
-capitalism
-socialism
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slavery-Marxist theory of history
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-a master/slave relationship that occurred
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feudalism-Marxist theory of history
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-class divisions that were based off of feudal landlords and serf-type relationships
-occurred for over 1000 years
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capitalism-Marxist theory of history
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-took form at the start of the 18th century AKA the start of the industrial revolution
-introduced the Bourgeoisie and proletariat relationships
-first time in history that workers sold their labor for wages
-this is the way we live now
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socialism-Marxist theory of history
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-the final stage of the theory
-Marx believed that the workers would get so sick of the Bourgeoisie they would overthrow them
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Bourgeoisie
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-the people that control the labor forces
-they are the ones that make all the money
-the upper class
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Traditional Marxist Model of Culture
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-base: forces of production
-superstructure: art, media, government, ideology
-the bourgeoisie are the superstructure and the workers are the base
-everyone is trying to get to the superstructure but you have to meet your basic needs at the base before you can move up
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class stratification
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-a form of separation based off of how much money you make
-those at the top (the bourgeoisie) have access to lots of resources and will make more money
-those at the bottom (the workers) struggle to get by due to lack of resources
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The Labor Theory of Value
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-Marx's economic theory of capitalism’s inherent exploitive nature
-involves necessary and surplus labor time
-the goal for the bourgeoisie is to shortener necessary labor time, this will leave more surplus labor time and will get them more money
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necessary labor
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-the labor that needs to be done in order to cover costs and break-even
-only the amount necessary to survive
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surplus labor time
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-where the profit comes from
-the portion of labor that goes beyond the business' needs to survive
-the goal is to have as much surplus labor time as possible
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hegemony
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-when the ruling class' worldview is imposed on everyone else
-people will accept this because it is often seen as the "status quo"
-a sneaky kind of power that most people do not necessarily see it or actively resist it
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examples of cultural hegemony
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-a TV producer will not allow some investigative journalists to report on a story because it makes the parent company (who owns the station) look bad
-an energy or soda drink company makes sure that their product is in schools nationwide
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Pierre Bordieu
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-one of the most important sociologists from the 20th century
-argues that inequality stems from economic, social, and cultural capital differences
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economic capital
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-how much money you make
-example: doctor vs. janitor
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social capital
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-who you know and how well you know them
-example: you have a lot of Facebook friends, but do you know anybody who could help you get out of a DUI
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cultural capital
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-knowledge of the current dominant cultural trends
-example: do you know who Jay-Z is
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cultural capital-routine
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-some things change routinely like art & fashion
-once everyone has access to it, it loses capital
-example: Ed Hardy was once a trendy, exclusive brand but now everyone can wear it and it's not as cool
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cultural capital-inertia
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-it had high capital 50 years ago and it will have high capital in 50 years
-example: fancy cars & playing golf
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SOC 104: Exam 1