CHEM 210: CHAPTER 2
38 Cards in this Set
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Element
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the simplest type of matter with unique physical and chemical properties
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molecule
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an independent structure consisting of 2 or more atoms chemically bound together
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Law of Mass Conservation
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The total mass of substances does not change during a chemical reaction
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Law of Definite Composition
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No matter what its source, a particular compound is composed of the same elements in the same parts by mass
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Law of Multiple Proportions
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If elements A and B react to form 2 compounds, the different masses of B that combine with a fixed mass of A can be expressed as a ratio of small whole numbers
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#1 Dalton's atomic theory
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All matter consists of atoms, tiny indivisible particles of an element that cannot be created or destroyed
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#2 Dalton's atomic theory
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Atoms of element cannot be converted into atoms of another element. In chemical reactions, the atoms recombine to form different substances
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#3 Dalton's atomic theory
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Atoms of an element are identical in mass and other properties and are different from atoms of any other element
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#4 Dalton's atomic theory
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Compounds result from the chemical combination of a specific ratio of atoms of different elements
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Isotope
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have different numbers of neutrons and have nearly identical chemical behavior
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mass spectrometry
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a method for measuring the relative masses and abundances of atomic-scale particles very precisely
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Metals
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shiny solids at room temperature that conduct heat and electricity well and are malleable and ductile
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Nonmetals
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gases, or dull, brittle solids at room temperature and conduct heat and electricity poorly
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metalloids
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have properties between those of metal and nonmetals
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Group IA
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alkali metals
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Group IIA
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alkaline earth metals
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Group VIIA
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halogens
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Group VIIIA
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noble gases
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When does a binary ionic compound form?
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metal reacting with a nonmetal- always a solid
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Coulomb's Law
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the energy of attraction (or repulsion) between two particles is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the distance between them
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When do covalent compounds form?
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between nonmetals
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Polyatomic ions
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consists of two or more atoms bonded covalently and having a net positive or negative charge
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Naming binary ionic compounds
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1. The name of the cation is the same as the name of the metal2. The name of the anion takes the root of the nonmetal name and adds the suffix -ide
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Binary compounds with different charges
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- the suffix -ous for the ion with the lower charge- the suffix -ic for the ion with the higher charge
For example- Copper (I)-- cuprous Copper (II)-- cupric
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Oxoanion
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those in which an element, usually a nonmetal, is bonded to 1 or more oxygen atoms
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Naming with two oxoanions
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- the ion with more O atoms takes the nonmetal root and suffix -ate- the ion with less O atoms takes the nonmetal root and suffix -ite
For example- SO42- is sulfate SO32- is sulfite
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Naming with 4 oxoanions
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- most O atoms takes prefix per- , nonmetal root, and suffix -ate-1 less O atoms takes nonmetal root and suffix -ate-2 less O atoms takes the nonmetal root and suffix -ite-3 less O atoms takes the prefix hypo- , nonmetal root, and suffix -ite
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Hydrated Ionic Compounds
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hydrates- have a specific number of water molecules associated with each formula unit
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Binary Acid
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solutions from when certain gaseous compounds dissolve in water
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Acid names from Anion names
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prefix hydro- , nonmetal root, suffix -ic, and separate word acid
For example- hydrochloric acid
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Oxoacid
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names are similar to those of the oxoanions, except 2 suffix changes-- -ate in the anion becomes - ic in the acid-- -ite in the anion becomes -ous in the acid-- keeps the prefixes hypo- and per-
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When are binary covalent compounds formed?
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formed by the combination of two elements, usually nonmetals
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Naming binary covalent compounds
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1. The element with the lower group # is the 1st, the element with the higher group # is 2nd--exceptions:chlorine, bromine, and iodine2. If both elements are in the same group, the higher period # is first3. Second element- root and suffix -ide
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When do you add a prefix (greek) to the words in a covalent compound?
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The first word has a prefix only when more than one atom of the element is present; the second word usually has a numerical prefix
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Hydrocarbon
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simplest type of organic compound; contains only hydrogen and carbon
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Naming alkanes
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simplest type of hydrocarbon- named with root, based on the number of C atoms in the chain, followed by the suffix -ane
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Heterogeneous mixture
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has one or more visible boundaries between the components- composition is NOT uniform
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Homogeneous mixture
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has no visible boundaries because the components are mixed as individual atoms, ions, and molecules- composition IS uniform
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CHEM 210: CHAPTER 2