MBI 131: MIDTERM 1
44 Cards in this Set
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Health
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A dynamic state or condition of the human organism that is multidimensional in nature, a resource for living, and results from a persons interactions with and adaptations to his/her environment.
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Five domains of a persons health.
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Gestational Endowments Social Circumstances
Environmental conditions
Behavioral choices
Availability of quality Medical Care
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Community Health
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A group of people who have common characteristics; communities can be defined by location, age, occupation, race, ethnicity, interest in particular issue, or other commonalities.
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Personal Health
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Activities, actions, & decision making that affect your personal health and/or the health of family and close friends.
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Physical Factors of Community Health w/ 2 specific.
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Influences of geography, environment, community size, industrial development.
Geography
Environment
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Social & cultural factors w/ 3 specific.
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Social factors are those from interactions with a group of people. Cultural factors are explicit & implicit guidelines that individuals inherit from society.
Beliefs
Traditions
Prejudices
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Economy, politics, and self religion w/ 5 specific.
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EconomyPolitics
Religion
Social Norms
Socioeconomic
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Community Organizing
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Process through which communities helped to identify common problems or goals and effectively mobilize resources & implement stratagies
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Herd Immunity
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The more individuals that become immunized against a disease, the slower it spreads, and the fewer people will be exposed.
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Earliest Civilizations
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Health practices went unrecorded, practices may involved taboos, rites, and spiritual beliefs. Archeological evidence of community health back to 2000 BC
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18th Century
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Industrial growth led to overcrowded cities, unsanitary water supplies, sewage and trash build up, unsafe workplaces.
1790- first census taken (every 10 years)
1796- Dr. Jenner demonstrated smallpox vaccination.
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19th Century
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Better agriculture led to better nutrition, laissez faire approach to health, epidemics in many cities.
1850: Shattuck report and discovery that city water spout was the source of disease.
1850: Modern Era of Public Health
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20th Century
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1900: life expectancy less than 50 years. Vitamin deficiencies and poor dental health common in slums.
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World Health Organization (WHO)
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Most widely recognized international governmental health agency. 193 member countries. Goal: to attain highest possible level of health. 22 core functions. Most notable program was help w/ eradicating smallpox.
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National Institutes of Health
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World's foremost research centers. Does private research and also provides immense funding to third party research centers & universities.
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Food & Drug Administration (FDA)
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Charged with protecting public health by ensuring the safety of human and vetinary drugs, biological products, & medical devices.
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Center for Disease Control & Prevention
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Located in Atlana, GA- nations premiere health promotion, prevention & preparedness agency & global leader in public health.
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Dept. of Health & Human Services
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Largest department of the federal government - $707 billion.
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Epidemiology
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The study of distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations.
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Epidemiologist
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Scientist concerned w/ collecting information on the course of disease. How many people are sick? Who is sick? When'd they become sick? Where do they live?
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Epidemic
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Unexpectedly large # of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior or event, in a particular population.
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Pandemic
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Outbreak of disease over a wide geographic location.
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Rates
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Allow for comparison of outbreaks at different times or in different places, number of events in a given population.
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Cases
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Those who are sick.
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Population at risk
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Those susceptible to particular disease
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Incidence Rate
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Number of new health-related events or cases of a disease in a population exposed to that risk during a particular period of time.
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Prevalence Rate
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# of new and old cases in a given time period, divided by total # in population. (Chronic)
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Attack Rate
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Incident rate calculated for a particular population for a single disease outbreak: expressed as a %.
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Crude Rate
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Denominator includes total population.
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Age-Adgusted Rate
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Used to make comparisons of relative risk across groups.
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Specific Rates
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Measure morbidity and mortality for particular disease that results in death.
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Case fatality rate
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% of cases of a particular disease that result in death.
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Proportionate Mortality Rate
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% of overall mortality in a population that is attributable to a particular cause.
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Life expectancy
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Average number of years a person from a specific cohort is projected to live from a given point in time.
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YPLL
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Years of potential life list. # of years lost when death occurs before ones life expectancy.
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Acute
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Three months or less.
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Chronic
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More than three months.
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Descriptive Studies
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Seek to describe the extent of disease in regard to person, time, and place.
Who
When
Where
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Epidemic Curves
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Graphic display of disease according to the time or date of onset of symptoms.
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Analytic Studies
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To test hypothesis about the relationship between health problems and possible risk factors that increase the probability of disease.
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Observation Studies
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Investigator observes natural course of events. Noting exposed v. unexposed and disease development (case/cohort).
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Blinding
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Practice in which the investigator and/or the subjects remained uninformed and unaware of the groups to which subjects are assigned thoughout experiment.
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Double-blind trial
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When both researcher and subject are kept ignorant.
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Communicable Disease
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Disease w/ the ability of a biological agent to enter and grow inside the host.
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MBI 131: MIDTERM 1