LING 110: Exam 4
35 Cards in this Set
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Broca's Aphasia
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Telegraphic Speaking, particular trouble with grammatical words; lack ability to speak fluently.
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Syntax
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Knowledge of the way words combine to form phrases and sentences
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Internal Structure
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Way words group together to form phrases, following syntactic rules of language
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Noun Phrase (NP)
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(ART) (Adj) N
PN
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Verb Phrase (VP)
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V (NP) (Adv)
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Sentence (S)
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NP (Aux) VP
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Prepositional Phrase (PP)
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Prep NP
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CP
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C S
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Recursion
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Infinite Syntax!!!
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Phrase Structure Rules
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Rules used to build structures
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Transformations
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Formation changes:
1. Yes/no questions
2. Passivization
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Syntax Language Knowledge=
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1) Rules for combing words to makes phrases, rules that combine phrases into even larger structures
2) Rules for changing those structures
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Word Meanings
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Stored in lexicon
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Compositional Meaning
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Meaning of phrases/sentences
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Compositionality
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Meaning of the whole is a function of the meanings of the parts and the way they combine
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Comprehension
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Culmination of processes ranging from decoding sounds/characters, to word regonition, combination of words into larger structures, and interpretation of these structures
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Parsing
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Mental process that determine grammatical structure of word sequences; unconscious/fast
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Click Experiment
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Task: listen to sentence
Subject must report location of "click" in sentence
Results: Found @ end of phrase boundary providing evidence for role of phrase-level internal structure in perception
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Derivational Theory of Complexity
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Assumption that the more transformations that are needed the longer it should take to comprehend a sentence
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Speech Shadowing
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On-line repetition of speaker
New Twist= ++ semantically/syntactically odd stuff
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Time-Reading Experiment
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Sentence Processing Technique that monitors self paced reading
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Eye Tracking Experiment
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Eye movement Experiment that tracks the eye movement of participant while the subject is reading a sentence.
Assumption: Eye movement reflect processing
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Saccades
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Rapid eye movement
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Fixations
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stabilized looks over a spot of interest
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Dependent variables of Eye Tracking
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latency of fixations & pattern of saccades
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ERP's
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Event-Related Potentials
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Event Related Potentials
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electrical activity in the brain
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N400
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Negative voltage change observed approx. 400 ms after a word is read that is semantically odd
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P600
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Positive voltage appearing 600 ms after word is read that is syntactically wrong
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Semantics
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Component of language that has to do with word and sentence meaning.
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Syntactic Coordination / syntactic priming
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Copying of form: hearing a statement with a particular syntactic construction increases the chances that a sentence will be produced with the same construction.
e.g. "you've got hear this...to understand how..." often repeated then by person answering.
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Semantics and Syntax
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•Sematics- a set of rules used to derive meaning in language.
Ex: ed on the end of verb makes it past tence
•Syntax- the rules of grammar that govern the arrangement of words in a sequence.
Ex: in english adjectives proceed nouns, in spanish it is the opposite.
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Uniform Acquisition
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Language is acquired by all children
Languages are similar in basic properties
Children reach mastery of native language by age of 5!
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William Syndrome
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Poor cognitive ability, but very good language ability
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Specific Language Impairment
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Normal cognitive abilities, but impaired language abilities
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LING 110: Exam 1