ZOL 141: Exam One (Chap. 1 - 4)
48 Cards in this Set
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Hereditarianism
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Everything is due to genes that are received from parents.
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Macromolecules
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Large cellular polymers assembled by chemically linking monomers together. ex: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
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Carbohydrates
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Macromolecules including sugars, glycogen, and straches composed of sugar monomers linked and cross-linked together. [structural components, energy sources, and molecular identity]
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Lipids
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A class of cellular macromolecules including fats and oils that are insoluble in water. [structural components, energy reserves, and hormones/vitamins.
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Proteins
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A class of cellular macromolecules composed of amino acid monomers linked together and folded into a 3-D shape.
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Nucleic Acids
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A class of cellular macromolecules composed of nucleotide monomers linked together. [DNA and RNA]
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All cells have what?
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Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, membranous organelles, and a membrane-bound nucleus.
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Function of plasma membrane?
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Separate the cell from external environment; controls exchange of material [gas, water, and small molecules may pass]
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Function of lipids in the membrane?
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Provide cell structure.
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Organelles
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Cytoplasmic structures that have a specialized function.
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Nucleus
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Round/oval body; surrounded by nuclear envelope. Genetic information necessary to control cell structure and function.
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Nucleolus
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Round/oval body in nucleus containing DNA and RNA. Produces ribosomes.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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(ER) Network of membranous tubules in the cytoplasm of the cell. Smooth ER has no ribosomes, rough ER is studded with them. SER produces phospholipids and has many functions; RER is the site of protein synthesis for intra and extracellular use.
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Ribosomes
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Small particles found in cytoplasm; made of RNA and protein. Aids in production of proteins on RER and in ribosome complexes.
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Golgi Complex
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Series of flattened sacs and associated vacuoles. Sorts, chemically modifies, and packages proteins.
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Secretory Vesicles
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Membrane bound vesicles containing proteins produced by the RER and repackaged by the Golgi complex; contain hormones or enzymes. Stores protein hormones or enzymes in the cytoplasm, awaiting a signal for release.
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Lysosome
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Membrane bound structure containing digestive enzymes. Combines with food vacuoles and digests materials engulfed by cells.
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Mitochondria
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Round, oval, or elongated structures with a double membrane. Inner membrane is extensively folded. Completes breakdown of glucose. (ATP)
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Chromatin
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DNA and protein components of chromosomes; visible as threads in the nucleus.
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Interphase
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The period of time in the cell cycle between mitotic divisions.
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Mitosis
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Form of cell division that produces 2 cells, each of which has the same complement of chromosomes as the parent cell.
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Cytokinesis
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The process of cytoplasmic division that accompanies cell division.
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What are the 3 stages of Interphase?
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G1 Stage (growth), S stage (synthesis), and G2 Stage (prep for division)
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Summary of Prophase?
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Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope disappears, centrioles divide and migrate to opposite poles of the dividing cell, and sprindle fibers form and attach to chromosomes.
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Summary of Metaphase?
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Chromosomes line-up on the midline of the dividing cell.
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Summary of Anaphase?
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Chromosomes begin to separate.
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Summary of Telophase?
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Chromosomes reach opposite poles, new nuclear envelope forms, and chromosomes decondense.
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What types of cells rarely go through the cell cycle?
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Cells that are a part of the nervous system.
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Hayflick Limit
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When cells in the lab undergo a specific number of divisions and then stop. [Embryos - 50 times, Adults - 10-30 times]
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What is Progeria?
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When 7 or 8 year olds look 70 or 80. Cause by decreased cell division because they are no longer controlled by genes. Typically die in teenage years by coronary artery disease.
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What is Werner Syndrome?
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Premature aging between 15 and 20 years old. Death by the age of 50.
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Meiosis
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The process of cell division during which one cycle of chromosomal replication is followed by 2 successive cell divisions to produce four haploid cells.
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Prophase I
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Chromosomes become visible, homologous chromosomes pair, and sister chromatids become apparent; recombination.
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Metaphase I
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Paired chromosomes align at cell equator.
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Telophase I
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Chromosomes uncoil, become dispersed.
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Cytokinesis
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Cytoplasm divides, forming 2 cells.
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Prophase II
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Chromosomes recoil and shorten.
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Metaphase II
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Unpaired chromosomes become aligned at cell equator.
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Anaphase II
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Centromeres separate; daughter chromosomes (were sister chromatid) pull apart.
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Telophase II
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Chromosomes uncoil; nuclear envelope reforms.
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Cytokinesis
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Cytoplasm divides, forming daughter cells
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Crossing Over
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The process in which chromosomes physically exchange parts.
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Spermatogonia
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Diploid cells that undergo meiosis to produce four haploid sperm of equal size
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Spermatids
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In the development of sperm cells, a diploid reproductive cell divides meiotically to form 4 haploid cells
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Oogonia
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During fetal development these cells give rise to primary oocytes.
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Secondary Oocyte
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A haploid cell resulting from meiosis I in oogenesis, which will become an ovum after meiosis II
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Ovum
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A mature egg cell; becomes functional gamete.
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Polar Bodies
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Cells with little more than DNA that are eventually broken down; are not used in reproduction.
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ZOL 141: Exam One (Chap. 1 - 4)