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MSU ZOL 141 - Human Genetics
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ZOL 14 1st Edition Lecture 2Outline of Last Lecture II. The Beginning of Human GeneticsIII. Age of DNAIV. Human Genome ProjectV. Social and Ethical Effects of Genetics: Eugenics MovementOutline of Current Lecture VI. Genes and GenomesVII. MacromoleculesVIII.DNA/RNAIX. Nucleic Acids: Made of nucleotidesX. PolynucleotidesCurrent LectureGenes and Genomes- What is a trait?o An observable property of an organism- What is a gene?o The fundamental unit of heredityo Basic structural and functional unit of genetics- What is DNA?o Deoxyribonucleic acido Helical molecule consisting of two strands of nucleotideso Carrier of genetic info- What is a Genome?o Set of DNA sequences carried by an individualo Biggest genome= 132.8 billion bpMacromolecules: Large cellular polymers assembled by chemically linking monomers togethero Carbohydrates Subclasses: Monosaccharides, Oligosaccharides, Polysaccharides Examples: Glucose, sucrose, starch/glycogen Function: Energy source, common sugar, energy storageo Lipids Subclasses: Glycerides, Phospholipids, Sterols Examples: Fats, Lecithin, Cholesterol Function: energy storage, structure of cell membranes, membrane structure, precursor to steroid hormoneso Proteins Subclasses: mostly fibrous, mostly globular Examples: Keratin/Collagen, enzymes/hemoglobin/insulin/antibodies Functions: Structure of hair/structure of bones, catalysts/oxygen transport/hormone/immune systemo Nucleic acids Subclasses: adenosine phosphates, Nucleic acids Examples: ATP, DNA/RNA Functions: Energy carrier, storage/transmission of genetic infoDNA/RNAo RNA: mRNA: messenger RNA tRNA: transfer RNA rRNA: ribosomal RNAo DNA: Found in ALL living organism Carrier of genetic info- 3 Key Properties of DNA1. Needs to store genetic info- stored in sequence- A,C,G,T= nucleotides - Almost infinite combinations2. Needs to be self-replicating - Structure must allow faithful replication 3. Needs to be able to mutate- Mutations caused by changing basesNucleic Acids: Made of nucleotides- Nucleotide: building block of DNA- Phosphate & sugaro Sugars= pentose, deoxyribose (missing oxygen) (in DNA) & ribose (RNA)o Bases DNA: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine RNA: Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosineo How do they differ? IMPORTANT A and G are purines (two rings) C, T, U= PyrimidinesPolynucleotides Linking nucleotides together to form chains Have polarity (Phosphate at one end [5’]) (OH group at other end [3’])Covalent Chemical bond in which electrons are shared Within a molecule Can only be formed or broken chemically (enzymatically)Hydrogen bonds Weak bond between hydrogen and electronegative atom (oxygen) Between molecules or within large molecules Easily formed or broken by changing temp.DNA double helix  Strands run in opposite directionso Sugar and phosphate on outsideo Bases on inside Base pairing specifico A & T: 2 hydrogen bondso C & G: 3 hydrogen bondso Chargaff Rules Purines must = pyrimidines A=T,


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MSU ZOL 141 - Human Genetics

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