CEM 142: Final Exam
27 Cards in this Set
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intermediate
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A + B → C + D
The reaction includes these elementary steps:
A + B → X*
X* → C + D
The chemical species X* is an intermediate.
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given a reaction and a rate of consumption (i.e. -0.37 mol/Ls) find corresponding rates of consumption/production.
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multiply rate by moles of what you're trying to find. switch sign if on opposite side of equilibrium sign.
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Decay to 10% of original value given half-life.
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t1/2=(.693/K)
solve for K
use ln[R]t/[R]o = -kt
allow it to be ln(percentage in fraction) i.e. 10/100
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relationship of Kp and Kc
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Kp=Kc (RT)^dn
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K >,<,= 1 and its relation to acids.
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K>1 means more products than reactants, so stronger acid is on reactant side.
K<1 product side.
K=1 both acids same strength.
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oxidation numbers
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lone element: 0
Fluorine: -1
Oxygen: -2 (except w/ F)
Cl, Br, I: -1 (except w/ F & O)
Hydrogen: +1 nonmetals, -1 metals
Group I: +1
Group II: +2
monatomic ion: charge on ion
polyatomic ion: equals out to charge on ion
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First order reactions
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rate = k[R]
[R]t/[R]o = -kt
half life = Kt1/2 = 0.693
each half life decreases by half (1/2 * 1/2 * 1/2)
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Second Order Reaction
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Rate = k[R]2
1/[R]t = kt + 1/[R]0
Each half life is double the previous (20s, 40s, 80s)
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catalyst
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A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change
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Bronsted-Lowry Acid
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A substance that donates a hydrogen ion
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Bronsted-Lowry Base
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A substance that accepts a hydrogen ion
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Buffer solution
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solutions that contain a weak electrolyte and its conjugate partner
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Find Delta G given reaction and Eo
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use formula G = -nFEo
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Balance Redox Reaction
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split reaction in two (conjugate base/acid)
add water and electrons based off oxidation
put equation back together
if basic add OH-
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increasing entropy
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melting, isothermal expansion (ideal gas), sublimation, boiling, liquid --> aqueous
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Given amps, molarity, and time; how much of a metal is deposited on cathode.
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amps x time(s) = A s = C. C x (1 mol e- / 96485) x (moles of metal/ 2 mol e- ) x (molar mass)
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ligand
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An ion or molecule attached to a metal atom by coordinate bonding
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isomer
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complexes with different arrangements of ligands
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stereoisomerism
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involves structures in which the metal ion is surrounded by the same set of ligands but arranged in different ways
geometrical and optical
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structural isomerism
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involves structures in which the metal ion is surrounded by a different set of donor atoms and/or ligands
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geometrical isomerism
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the possibility of arranging the same set of ligands around the metal ion in a different way. (cis-trans isomerism)
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Optical isomerism
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nonsuperimposable mirror images of isomers. (mirror images that aren't identical)
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cis
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"on the same side"
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trans
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"on the other side" or "across"
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enantiomers
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each individual nonsuperimposable isomer in optical isomerism.
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adiabatic
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without the exchange of heat.
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Constant volume
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no work
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