MTEOR 206: TEST 2
43 Cards in this Set
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Air Pressure
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Force of molecules/ surface area (Dalton's Law)
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Ideal gas law
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pV=nRT (Charles Law)
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Pressure will always _____ with height.
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Decrease
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Sea Level pressure is about?
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1000 mb
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Barometer
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Instrument used to measure pressure (mb, kPa, inches of mercury)
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Most of our atmosphere is located where?
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Trophosphere
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3 methods to reach saturation?
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1) Add Water
2) Mix cold water with warm moist air
3) Lower air temperature to dew point
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Rh=?
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(Actual water vapor pressure/ Saturation water vapor pressure) * 100%
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First law thermodynamics
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Heat added= air temperature increases + air expands and pushes
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Difference between Diabatic and Adiabatic?
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Diabatic- Heat added removed
Adiabatic-No heat added or removed
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First law when temperature cools
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Air cools as you gain more height and less pressure.
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SALR
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Saturated adiabatic lapse rate 5 C degrees per km or .5 C per 100 meters
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When should you use SALR?
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After an air parcel reaches the Lifted condensation level (LCL)
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ELR
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(Environmental lapse rate) rate of cooling of the atompshere
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Two reasons why clouds are important?
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Radiation(High clouds) and Precepitation (lower clouds)
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4 ways to lift and then cool the air to make clouds?
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1) Orographic lifting
2) Frontal lifting
3) Convergence
4) Localized Convection
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Frontal Lifting
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Cold and warm fronts on the weather cycler
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Convergence
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Low pressure causes air to converge and lift.
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High clouds
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Above 6000 meters or below includes Cirrus, Cirrostratus, and Cirrocumulus
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Middle clouds
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2000-6000 meters includes Altostratus, altocumulus
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Low clouds
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Above 2000 meters inclues Stratus Nimbostratus (rain carriers), Stratocumulus
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Clouds with Vertical development
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Cumulus (puffy white), Cumulonimbus (hint at danger produce hail, lightning, tornados, and strong thunderstorms.
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When clouds contrail then the next rain will be 36 hours. Why?
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Warm moist levels will mean it will last and if it cool and dry then it will disappear quickly
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Static stability- Will air rise after lifting? Stable, Unstable, and Conditionally unstable
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Stable- The rising air will sink because it is colder and more dense then the environment
Unstable- The rising air will continue to rise because it is warmer and less dense
Conditionally unstable- the air will rise or fall depending on the location in the atmosphere
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Do air parcels keep rising to the top of the atmosphere?
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They rise till they reach the stratosphere which is stable.
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Entrainment
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surrounding cool air mixes with the air parcel
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Recipe for rain
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Water vapor, condense it to liquid or solid, and get the rains to fall
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Terminal Velocity
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When the drag of the air balances the weight and acceleration is zero
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Need larger raindrops why?
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To overcome the force of an updraft
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Hetergeneous nucleation
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Where hygroscopic aerosols like sea salt, air pollutants, volcanic ash allow water vapor to condense on them before the saturation point (condense before 100% relative humidity)
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Homogenous nucleation
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Droplets form by collision
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Warm cloud droplet formations
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Condensation occurs, then collector drops fall through the clouds, then coalescence (close to 100% efficiency), and finally breakup
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growth of cloud droplets in cool/cold clouds
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-cold clouds: below 0C, both ice crystals and super cooled water
-cool clouds: below 0C and above 0C, both ice crystals and super cooled water as well as liquid water
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Bergeron Process
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ice, supercooled liquid water, and water vapor are present, the vapor will condense on the ice because the saturation vapor pressure is less than for liquid water
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Water drops lose size to evaporation because RH decreases
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Ice crystals grow at their expense
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Riming
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Supercooled liquid freezes on ice crystals
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Aggregation
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Ice crystals join together
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They melt
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rain
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The don't melt
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Snow
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They melt then freeze
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Hail or sleet
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Sleet
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Is a frozen raindrop, which needs colder air for a longer period
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Freezing rain
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Supercooled liquid water drops that have melted and freeze on contact with the frozen ground
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Hail formation
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Needs a strong updraft as it grows with each pass through the freezing point this can be initiated with graupel and usually forms in cumulonimbus clouds
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MTEOR 206: TEST 2