33 Cards in this Set
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Removal/ Westward Expansion
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1820-1860
Native Americans to vacate lands
east of Mississippi in exchange for
lands west of it
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Market Revolution
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1812-1860 America grew economically, growth of economy and population led to the need for more land and slaves. Expansion West was necessary due to this.
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Manifest Destiny
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1850 America had "God Given" destiny to expand its borders
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Andrew Jackson
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1829-1837 vocal supporter of "indian Removal"
-negotiated many Indian treaties
-Signed Indian Removal Act of 1830; claimed it was "better" for Indians
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boarding schools for Native Americans (late 1870's)
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-Indian children forcibly taken from home
-Children forbidden to speak their languages, wear native clothing, or practice native religions
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what tribe accepted assimilation, but was still resented and not accepted by mainstream society?
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Cherokee
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Francis Walker
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Father of reservation system
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purpose of reservations
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-restrict movement of Native Americans
-to directly manage their affairs, to practice "social engineering"
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Home of "Sitting Bull"
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Pine Ridge reservation
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Ghost dance
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Cycle of ritual songs and dance steps designed to bring about the destruction of European Americans and their removal from Indian lands (Sioux)
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Wounded Knee Massacre
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Dec. 29, 1890
-U.S. army ordered to arrest “Sitting Bull” and “Big Foot”
-Group surrendered and laid down arms; body search by soldiers; gun went off; massacre began
-over 200 Sioux died
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Dawes or Allotment Act (1887)
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- transformed Indians into land owners
- each family allotted 160 acres
- couldn't be sold for 25 years
- US government sold remaining land to settlers
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Burke Act (1906)
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- gave powers to secretary of interior to... determine if Indians were capable of handling own affairs; to decide who legal heirs are
- heirs did not get land after owner died unless they paid for it
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Indian Reorganization Act (Wheeler-Howard Act, 1934)
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-Self governance on reservations
- Native culture recognized as crucial part of tribal identity (as well as U.S. identity)
- Government has role in preserving Native culture
- Law generated on skepticism: Legislation based on what others think best for Native people
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slavery in America
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- slavery and nation building occurred side by side
- slavery supported through legal institutional and social means
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First Slaves
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1619
indentured servants not slaves
- children born to slaves were free (William Tuckers)
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Native Americans as slaves
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-knew land, harder to capture
-had political allies
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Differences between slavery in Africa and America
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-not based on race
-slaves had rights
-slaves might inherit wealth from master
-could marry in family of master
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Drive for slave trade
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$$$
-Need for labor
-Growing economy
export of cotton & tobacco profitable
-America entered “slave trade” in 1672
1680s: 5,000 slaves brought to U.S. annually
1700s: 45,000 transported annually
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middle passage
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-long journey across Atlantic
-goal of ship captain was to keep slaves alive
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Anthony Johnson
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-brought to America 1621
-obtained freedom
-purchased land; owned 250 acres in Virginia
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Slave Resistance
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-truancies; runaway
-refusal to reproduce
-disruptive behaviors
-underground railroad
-organized rebellion
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New York's economy depended on _______ and _______
economy of American South
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cotton, slave
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Sambo
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-Character created to ridicule and denigrate black
-depicted as ever-smiling buffoon
-Hold deeply entrenched meanings: A childish, dependent black
person who posed no harm or threat to society
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Ways masters controlled slaves
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-be very kind to slaves
-use force to instill fear
-keep them from getting an education
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"Hired-out" system
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-contractual system- a slave could work for someone else other than his master
-slaves could lease land, hire other slaves
-hiring out advantageous to slaves: "Bargaining power"
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Frederick Douglass
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-son of a white father
-sent to Maryland become literate
-spoke against Slavery; pressed Lincoln to abolish slavery
-insisted on racial equality and integrated American society
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Martin Delany
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-admitted to Harvard, but he felt discrimination
-thought it was best that blacks go back to Africa, but Blacks felt disconnected from Africa
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Emancipation Proclamation
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1863
-freed slaves
-Instructed U.S. military to protect and maintain their freedom
-declared that Southern States in rebellion against U.S.
-allowed U.S. to suppress such rebellions
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"Reconstruction"
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1886-77
Blacks earned right to vote in 1870
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Special Field Order No. 15
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-40o,000 acres of land were to be redistributed
to newly freed slaves
-Each family to receive “40 acres and a mule”
-Black themselves were to govern their own
communities
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Great Migration
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-largest mass migration of people in American history
-left homes in south to find freedom, justice, and respect in the north
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Realities in North
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resistance to blacks increased
-schools became "racial backgrounds"
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SOC 225: exam 2