Study Guide: Exam 1
24 Cards in this Set
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Inductive Reasoning
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A 'bottom up' approach, taking specific observations and data, detecting patterns, formulating hypothesis, then developing conclusions.
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Deductive Reasoning
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A 'top-down' approach, working from more general information to more specific information.
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Illness
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Feelings of malaise, pain, or other complaints. One 'feels' ill.
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Disease
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A pathological state of the organism due to infection, tissue degeneration, trauma, etc.
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Sickness
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A social role assumed by an individual suffering from an illness.
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Occam's Razor
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Logic theory that states that when considering two theories or hypotheses, the simpler one is usually correct.
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Central Axiom of Epidemiology
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1. Disease does not distribute randomly in populations, and because of this we can determine cause.
2. The cause of disease can be identified and measured, and used to treat disease.
3. Exposure to etiologic agents dictate the frequency of the disease.
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Epidemiology
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The study of distribution of disease and its causes in human population.
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Prevalence
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The number of cases divided by the total number of people. It gives the percentage of all people affected. Considers all cases over all periods of time.
Prevalence = # of cases / # of people
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Incidence
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The number of new cases over a given time period divided by the number of people t risk in that time period. This tells us how fast a disease is occurring over time.
Incidence = # of new cases at a time / # of people at risk at a time
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Attack Rate
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Proportion developing disease among total exposed during time frame of interest.
Attack Rate = # ill / # at risk
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Epidemic
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A widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.
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Analytic Epidemiology
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Testing a specific hypothesis about the relationship of disease to cause, by studying relationships between exposure and disease.
Host, agent, environment.
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Descriptive Epidemiology
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Examining the distribution of a disease in a population and observing its basic features in terms of time, place, and person.
Time, place, person.
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Etiology
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The cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition. The study of causation.
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Confounding
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When a variable has a relationship to both the outcome and the exposure. A confounding variable correlates with both the dependent variable and the independent variable.
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Cumulative Incidence
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The number of new cases over a given period of time divided by the number of case free individuals at the beginning of the operation.
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Incidence Density
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The number of new cases divided by the total time contributed by each individual in the population.
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Relative Risk
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Incidence of cases in the exposed population / incidence of cases in the unexposed population.
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Odds Ratio
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odds of being a case in the exposed population / odds of being a case in the unexposed population.
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Diaphysis
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Shaft of the bone.
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Epiphyseal Plate
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Growth plate where cells are laid down.
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Epiphysis
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End of the bone.
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Meta Analysis
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Contrasting and combining results from different studies in hope of identifying patterns and relationships.
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Study Guide: Exam 1