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MSU EPI 390 - Continuation of BSE
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EPI 390 Lecture 21Outline of Last Lecture I. Zoonotic DiseasesII. Modes of TransmissionIII. Comparing Epidemic, Endemic, and PandemicIV. Looking at Spongioform encephalitisV. BSE VideoVI. Policy Responses to EpidemicsVII. Risk, Casualties, and Cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob DiseaseVIII. Difficulties of vCJDIX. Implications and the Future of vCJDOutline of Current Lecture I. Further Implications of CJD and BSEII. Testing for BSEIII. Response to the First US Case of BSEIV. Cases in North AmericaCurrent LectureI. Further Implications of CJD and BSEa. Implications: it may not be history: there are still a lot of unanswered questions and unanswered risk. i. Is the disease in the appendix? How long does it stay there? ii. Could there be other sinks in the body? iii. Is there some confluence between inflammatory place (i.e. if you’re having your appendix removed, there is likely inflammation there) and presence of prion?b. Economic impact:i. Lifestyle impact: no longer eat beef (beef sales)ii. Impact on tourism to UKiii. Destruction of cattle (agriculture). Indemnity programs (if there is a disease in your herd that has potential to infect other herds or people – government will pay you to destroy them to discourage sneaking infected animals out the “back door” and still send them into circulation)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.iv. Very expensive program, UK government had to pay for thousands and thousands of cattle to be destroyed. Incineration, buried deep (didn’t know how well prions could travel/survive in soil)v. Costs of culling and of government surveillancevi. Butchers lost business, had to specify type of meat sold, where it was fromc. Lifestyle: i. change eating habits, small farms went bankrupt, distrust of government, skepticism about safety of the food industryd. Medical Care:i. People deciding about organ transplants or surgery had to consider the risk of possible contamination.e. BSE cases worldwide: Belgium 22, Denmark 3, France 245, Germany 35, Great Britain 177695, Ireland 587, Italy 2, Lichtenstein 2, Luxembourg 1, Netherlands 9, Portugal 509, Spain 17, Switzerland 367i. How do we account for this? Importing infected cattle, importing infectedfeed.II. Testing for BSEa. Western Blot = screening testi. Sample ground up brains (is a rapid test, so if you suspect a cow to be infected, you can quickly test samples)ii. Positive results are confirmed at USDA lab (immune histochemistry)b. Earliest possible detection of BSE: about 3 months before clinical symptoms are detectablec. Long incubation time: from infection to clinical signs average 5 years.d. Test cattle brains of cattle that died from unexplained cause to see if it was BSE. III. Response to the First US Case of BSEa. Worldwide: people start getting nervous about accepting US beef and thus begin shutting down trade w/ US beef. i. Suspend imports. (1 case of BSE in Brazil closed export doors). No one wants to inherit UK epidemic.b. Japan panicked when they got their first BSE case in 2001. Began universal testing and found 10 more BSE cases (thought that in testing everything, they could have greater comfort in saying cattle were BSE free and it was safe to continue trade)c. Creekstone farms helped build BSE testing lab in a slaughterhouse to test every single cattle so they could mark cattle BSE free. USDA would not sell the test kits they’d developed to nongovernment testing programs, so universal testing wasn’t an optioni. National cattlemen’s beef association against the Creekstone request.ii. Controversy: Meat superiority drives up price for everyone else and lowers price for “superior company”, a company could falsify negative results (limited possibility for regulation), and companies that can’t affordtests/universal testing would be at a disadvantage.iii. Know the prion can only be detected b a few months before symptoms show. 1. So you can’t necessarily trust results: can only say that the cattle isprion free at the point of testing, but isn’t necessarily actually free. Can the consumer trust the results? d. None of this is really closed: the epidemic curves have come down but many of the issues are still relevant (there’s still surveillance on people and cattle, fear of next wave, etc.)IV. Cases in North Americaa. Dec 23, 2003 – first case of US BSEb. Dec 30, 2003 banned sale of meat from downer cows (cows that couldn’t stand)i. Killed 450 calves associated with a positive cowii. Recalled 10410 pounds of meatiii. No brain or spinal cord from older cows (older than 30 months) in human food. These were cows that likely had the prion in the brain.1. These cows could have had a lapse allowing the prion to get through later precautionary proceduresiv. No cattle intestine in human foodv. Increased testing and surveillance for infected


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MSU EPI 390 - Continuation of BSE

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