BIOL 3454: Final
35 Cards in this Set
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5 chordate characteristics
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notochord; dorsal, hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal gill slits; postanal tail; endostyle in pharynx's floor
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endostyle's reason for newness; notochord (2)
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wasn't originally recognized b/c of how variable they were; flexible & hydrostatic for muscle attachment for bending w/o shortening, becomes spinal column
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dorsal, hollow nerve cord (2)
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compare to inverts' ventral, solid nerve cord; formed fr ectodermal ridge's neural plate tissue
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pharyngeal pouches (2); endostyle (2)
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Originally for filter-feeding; later became gills, glands, jaws, sinuses, & ears. Chordate exclusive for filter-feeding, secretes proteins or hormones as thyroid gland
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subphylum urochordata (4)
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sea squirts w/ a cellulose tunic; lose tail & notochord & nerve cord → single ganglion during adulthood; can be solitary, colonial, or compound; inner membrane = mantle
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3 urochordata classes; water path through a tunicate (5)
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ascidiacea (most common), appendicularia, thaliacea; oral siphon → pharynx → pharyngeal slits → atrial cavity → atrial siphon
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urochordata circulatory system
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ventral heart w/ 2 large lateral vessels, tidal blood flow = blood goes 1 way before reversing, blood rich in vanadium & niobium
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how urochordata's gill slits change w/ adulthood; superclass gnathostomata's 4 classes
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restricted to pharynx in larvae but all over in adults; chondrichthyes, actinopterygii, sarcopterygii, & amphibia
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subphylum cephalochordata (4)
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lancelets fr amphi = both ends & oxys = sharp; have all 5 chordate characteristics at once; water exits body via atriopore; 1 anterior ocellus for photoreception
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cephalochordata digestion
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pharyngeal pouch w/ endostyle sends food to hepatic cecum where most absorption occurs
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cephalochordata's resp & circulatory systems (2)
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gas exchange across body surface = no gills, closed circulatory system w/ blood pumped by peristalic contraction into branchial arteries into paired dorsal aortas
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cephalochordata muscles & lack of ID
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V-shaped vs W-shaped myomeres better suited for specialization; originally thought to be ammocoetes before gonads were noted
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subphylum craniata (4)
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muscularized digestive tract; paired, glomerular kidneys; tripartite (fore, mid & hind) brain; endocrine system of ductless glands
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craniata's bones (3)
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reservoir for Ca & K, neural spines for muscle attachment, fin rays of dermal origin
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2 factors for craniata's nervous system; buccal pumping
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neural crest & ectodermal placodes; fish moves mouth a little to pump water through for resp
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ancestral vert (3)
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had 5 chordate characteristics; fish-like; sister to Haikouella, which had no cranium, ear, or anterior forebrain = not a vert
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chordate ancestry
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ancestor was free-swimming like amphioxus, whereas tunicates' sessile state is derived, making modern chordates more closely related to tunicates
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verts' mods of 1st & 2nd gill arches
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both fr neural crest cells & in sim position, dev into jaws w/ muscles w/ same innervation as gill support muscles
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class myxini; class petromyzontida (2)
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hagfish w/ skull but no vertebrae; lampreys whose larvae can only stand temperate water, some anadramous = move fr sea to freshwater to spawn
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sea lamprey as an invasive species (3)
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native to N Atlantic & some New England inland lakes, spread to Great Lakes via St. Lawrence river, struggle in Lake Erie b/c it's shallow
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class chondrichthyes history; subclass holocephali (3)
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have been around longer than actinopterygii but not as diverse; ratfish that split fr sharks ~400 mya, deep water & carnivorous
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batoidea (2)
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rays w/ greatest amt of reproductive diversity; fins are pectoral fins attached to heads, unlike sharks
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selachii (3)
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sharks w/ earliest fossils fr 420 mya during Ordovician era, modern sharks appeared ~100 mya during Cambrian, 5-7 gill slits
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requiem vs mackerel sharks; cephalofoil
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flat, broad heads (eg. tigers, bulls) vs pointy heads (eg. great whites, mako); hammerheads' head shape
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fastest shark (2)
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mako sharks, 2nd only to marlins; compare to oceanic whitetips that are also pelagic but slow to save nrg for charging
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2 largest bulk feeding predators; chondrostei (3)
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Great whites & tiger sharks. Includes bichirs, sturgeons, & paddlefish; most lack scales; sim to sharks w/ cartilage & jaws
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actinopterygii (4)
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monophyletic ray finned fish, have lepidotrichia = fin rays, 420 my old fossil history reaching into Silurian era, divided into chondrostei & neopterygii
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bichirs (2); neopterygii (2)
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reedfish, sister to all other ray-finned fishes; paraphyletic group including gars & bowfins, fr Triassic era
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gars (2); sarcopterygii
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have interlocking ganoid scales, very predatory; lobe-finned fishes divided into actinistia (coelocanths) & dipnoi (lungfishes found throughout Pangea)
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Pangaea's 2 parts; amphibian (2)
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S = Gondwana, N = Laurasia; found everywhere but marine habitats, 370 my old fossil history fr Devonian era
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order anura; order gymnophiona (3)
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Frogs w/ saltatory (jumping) movement; glandular, porous skin. Caecilians w/ strong skull for fossorial (burrowing) lifestyle, smallest amphibi group, poor vision
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order caudata; reptilia (2)
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salamanders that look like 1st terrestrial tetrapod; founded amniotic egg, fossil history 350 mya fr Carboniferous
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anapsida; lepidosauromorpha (2)
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turtles w/ carapace (dorsal) & plastron (ventral); plesiosaurs, lizards, snakes, & tuataras w/ primitive sprawling gate for sinusoidal movement & pleurodont teeth
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archosauromorpha (3)
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ruling reptiles, includin crocs, birds, & dinos; extensive parental care; fossil history fr Permian era
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mammalia
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divided into prototheria w/ monotremes (echidna & platypus) & theria (marsupials & placentals), fr 100 mya in Jurassic era
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Exam 5