53 Cards in this Set
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Eutrophication
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1. Pollution- fertilizer
2. Algal Bloom- algae/autotrophs
3. Hetertrophs Bloom- consume all O2, photosynthesis and cellular respiration increase
4. O2 levels plummet
5. Dead Zones- low O2 conc in water
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Photosynthesis Equation
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CO2+H2O-->Glucose+O2
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Autotrophs
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Producers that make their own food
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Heterotrophs
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Consumers that can't make their own food
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Types of organisms capable of photosynthesis
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Autotrophs- plants, bacteria, and algae
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Chloroplasts
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organelles consisting of photosynthetic pigments, enzymes, and other molecules grouped together in membranes
major sites of photosynthesis
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Stomata
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small openings between the two guard cells on the underside of leaf epidermis through which gas passes (CO2 in and O2 out)
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Chlorophyll
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important light absorbing pigment in chloroplasts. responsible for green color
green light reflected and all others absorbed
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cartonoids
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absorb mainly blue-green light and reflect yellow, red, and orange.
present all year
temperature sensitive
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light reactions
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products: electrons and ATP. These products go to dark reactions--makes glucose from CO2. CO2 comes from the atmosphere
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global warming
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increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases. slow but steady rise in earth's surface temperature
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greenhouse effect
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results from solar energy warming our planet. gases in atmosphere reflect heat bath to earth
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viruses
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not living because the cannot reproduce on their own and don't have energy processing
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capsid
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protein coat that DNA or RNA are enclosed in
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viral envelope
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lipid bilayer membrane formed by a host cell
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lytic cycle
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1. virus attaches to cell membrane
2. virus injects DNA into the cell
3. virus DNA takes over the cell telling it to replicate viral DNA and make new capsids
4. capsids and viral DNA assemble into new viruses
5. an enzyme for the virus breaks the cell membrane releasing new viruses
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Lysogenic cycle
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1. phage attaches to host cell and injects DNA
2. phage DNA integrates into host cells genome like a plasmid
3. host cell can replicate
4. exposed to certain chemicals, and phage induction occurs
4. the prophage DNA is excised and enters the lytic cycle
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retrovirus
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RNA virus that reverse transcribes its RNA to DNA once the RNA is in the host cell
Goes backwards from what normal cells do
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reverse transcriptase
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enzyme that the virus use to copy its RNA to DNA
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nucleotides
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3 parts: nitrogenous bases, pentose sugar, phosphate groups
DNA: adenine&thymine, cytosine&guanine
RNA: adenine&uracil, cytosine&guanine
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semiconservative replication
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new DNA molecules are 1/2 original and 1/2 new
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DNA polymerase
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builds new DNA polymer
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DNA helicase
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breaks H bonds and unwinds helix
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cell flow of information
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DNA-->RNA-->Protein
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transcription
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DNA gelicase opens/unwinds a specific gene
between DNA and mRNA
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RNA polymerase
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builds mRNA from a single template strand
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mutation
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any change in DNA sequence that is inherited
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frame shift mutation
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affects every codon past the mutation
occur by insertions or deletions
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base substitution mutation
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one nucleotide is substituted with another
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bacteriophage/phage
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DNA virus
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genomic library
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collection of all the cloned DNA fragments from a target genome
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genetic engineering
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manipulating genes for practical purposes
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biotechnology
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exploitation of biological processes for industrial and other purposes
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recombinant DNA
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formed by joining DNA sequences from2 diff sources
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GMO's
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contain one or more genes introduced by artificial means
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restriction enzymes
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cut at specific DNA sequences (restriction sites)
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Staggered cut/sticky ends
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when the last sequence is cut off and goes with the next sequence
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DNA ligase
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enzyme that pastes DNA fragments together
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products of DNA technology and gene cloning
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therapeutic hormones, diagnosis and treatment of disease, vaccines
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Concerns of GMO's
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can introduce allergens into the food supply
may spread genes to closely related organisms
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transgenic organisms
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contain at least one gene from another organism
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gene therapy
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aims to treat a disease by supplying a functional allele
challenges: safe delivery to body area, not long-lasting, ethical questions
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DNA PROFILING
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analysis of DNA fragments to determine whether they come from a particular individual
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Agarose gel electrophoresis
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separates DNA molecules based on size
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STR analysis
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used to compare DNA on one or more samples
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PCR
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method of amplifying a specific segment of a DNA molecule. Sample is heated and cooled until sequence is copied
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genomics
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study of an organisms complete set of genes and their interactions
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proteomics
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studies the proteome, the complete set of proteins specified by a genome
investigates protein functions and interactions
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plasmid
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small circular DNA molecules independent of the bacterial chromosome. often used as vectors because they are a good source of gene carriers
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vaccines
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stimulate an immune response by injecting proteins or infectious agents
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stem cells
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immature cells that can divide and differentiate into specialized cell types
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Adult stem cells
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stem cells located in tissues that help maintain and regenerate those tissues
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embryonic stem cells
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come from embryos and can develop into almost any cell type
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Biol 101: Exam 3