NRES 201: Epipedons and Soil Orders
31 Cards in this Set
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Epipedon Surface Descriptor: Mollic
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Thick, dark colored, high base saturation, strong structure (A)
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Epipedon Surface Descriptor: Umbric
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Thick, dark colored, low base saturation, strong structure (A)
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Epipedon Surface Descriptor: Ochric
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Too light colored, low OM, may be hard or massive when dry, Low base saturation, thin light (A)
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Epipedon Surface Descriptor: Melanic
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Thick, black, High OM, common in volcanic ash (A)
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Epipedon Surface Descriptor: Histic
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very high in OM, wet during some part of year, peat bog (O)
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Epipedon Surface Descriptor: Anthropic
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Human modified molliclike horizon, high in available P (A)
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Epipedon Surface Descriptor: Plaggen
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Human made sodlike horizon created by years of manuring (A)
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Epipedon Subsurface Descriptor: Argillic
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Silicate clay accumulation
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Epipedon Subsurface Descriptor: Natric
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argillic, high in sodium, columnar or prismatic structure
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Epipedon Subsurface Descriptor: Spordic
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OM, Fe, and Al oxides accumulation
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Epipedon Subsurface Descriptor: Cambric
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Changed or altered by physical movement or chemical reactions, generally nonilluvial
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Epipedon Subsurface Descriptor: Argic
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Organic and clay accumulation just below plow layer resulting from cultivation
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Epipedon Subsurface Descriptor: Oxic
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Highly weathered, primarily mixture of Fe, Al oxides and non sticky-type clays
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Epipedon Subsurface Descriptor: Duripan
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Hard pan, strongly cemented by silica
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Epipedon Subsurface Descriptor: Fragipan
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Brittle pan, usually loamy textured, dense
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Epipedon Subsurface Descriptor: Albic
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light colored, clay, Fe and Al oxides mostly removed
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Epipedon Subsurface Descriptor: Calcic
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Accumulation of gypsum
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Epipedon Subsurface Descriptor: Salic
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Accumulation of salts
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Epipedon Subsurface Descriptor: Kandic
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Accumulation of low activity clays
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Alfisols: Distribution & Characteristics
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Dominate in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, NY (Humid to subhumid climate)
Subsurface diagnostic horizon in which silicate clay has accumulated by illuviation; >35% base saturation, argillic horizon, natric and kandic horizon
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Andisols: Distribution & Characteristics
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Volcano areas, Washington Cascade in US, Japan, NZ and Chile
rapid weathering of volcanic ash to produce amorphous or poorly crystallized silicate minerals: allophane and Fe oxy-hydroxide; melanic epipedon; high OM; dark color
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Antisols:
Distribution and Characteristics
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S. California, Nevada, AZ, Central NM & Northern Mexico
Dry, light in color, low in OM; Orchric epipedon; argillic and natric (sometimes); Rich in Calcic, gypsic, salic or natric; Argillic horizon
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Entisols: Distribution & Characteristics
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Rocky Mountainous Regions, NW Nebraska, SE Coastal Plain; River flood plains, river valley, riverbanks, floodplains and deltas
Little Morphological developement, weakly developed mineral soils, unaltered from plant material, oorchic epipedon
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Gelisols: Distribution & Characteristics
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N. Russia, Canada, Alaska
permafrost layer; cryoturbation; developed accumulations of Organic Parent Materials = Histels; young soils; little profile development
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Histosols: Distribution & Characteristics
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Wet areas of Alaska; Canada, Finland, Iceland,Ireland, Scotland, FL everglades, LA bayou
Little profile development b/c of anaerobic environment; no permafrost; one or more thick layers of OSM; High OM; low bulk density
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Inceptisols: Distribution & Characteristics
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Mountains from S. NY through Carolinas
Steep topography; low temperatures; resistant parent materials; low precipitation; thin surface horizons (ochric and umbric); slow development b/c of fast erosion; overlaying erosion resistant bedrock
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Mollisols: Distribution & Characteristics
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Large grassland areas; Great Plains of North America
Dark soils; deep A horizon; mollic; <50% base saturation
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Oxisols: Distribution & Characteristics
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South America and Africa
Highly weatered soils; hot climate with year round moisture; deep oxic horizon; ochric or umbric epipedon; uniform appearance with depth
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Spodosols: Distribution & Characteristics
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N. Europe and Russia, Central and Eastern Canada; NE US; N. Michigan; Wisconsin; S. Alaska; Cool mountainous areas of temperate regions
Coarse textured and acid parents subject to leaching; occur only in moist areas; spodic horizon; subsurface accumulation of illuviated OM; accumulation …
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Ultisols: Distribution & Characteristics
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SE US; Hawaii; W. California; Oregon; Washington (Tropical - subtropical climate)
Highly leached, clay accumulation n B horizon, argillic or kandic horizon; acidic B horizon; <35% base saturation; iron rich mottled material called plinthite
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Vertisols: Distribution & Characteristics
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India; Ethiopia; Sudan; N. & E. Australia; E. Mississippi; W. Alabama; SE Coast of Texas
30% of sticky swelling clays; forms deep cracks when soil is dry; dark (blackish) in color; OM is 1-6%; OM-clay complexes make OM oxidation slow; Develop from limestone
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NRES 201: Epipedons and Soil Orders