POL 202: STUDY GUIDE
69 Cards in this Set
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what is the difference between a nation and a state
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What are the generally accepted sources of international law?
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international customs, treaties and accepted standards of behavior
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What are the generally accepted sources of international law?
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International custom (customary law)
International treaties
Internationally accepted standards of behavior
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What is the difference between primary and secondary rules in the context of International Law?
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Primary rules constrain a states behvior
secondary rules govern how primary rules are made
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What are obligation, precision and delegation in the context of international law?
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Obligation is the degree to which agents are legally bound
Precision is the specificity of obligations
Delegation is the degree to which third parties are given the authority to implement, interpret, and apply international legal rules, to resolve disputes over the rules, or to make add…
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what role do transnational organizations and networks play in the boomerang model?
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NGOS in one state activate transnational linkages to bring pressure from other states
usually non democratic state pressuring democratic state
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What role do transnational organizations and networks play in the boomerang model?
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Their role is to activate transnational linkages to bring pressure from other states on their own governments.
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What is a Transnational Advocacy Network? Give an actual example.
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Activists sharing normative objectives
ex] nuclear taboo, norm that prohibits the first use of nuclear weapons
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What is a Transnational Advocacy Network? Give an actual example.
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It is a set of individuals and nongovernmental organizations acting in pursuit of a normative objective, which aim to bring about political and social change through: social mobilization, changes in social norms, and political pressure on governments.
Ex. Nuclear taboo: a norm that pro…
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Stages to Norms Life Cycle
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1st stage: entrepreneur's try to convince critical mass of other states to embrace beliefs.
2nd stage: becomes nearly universal standard.
3rd stage: norm is internalized and becomes widely accepted.
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What are the stages of the norms life cycle?
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1st: Actors attempt to convince an important population to accept and embrace their belief.
2nd: Norm cascades to become near universal standard of behavior
3rd: Norm is internalized.
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What is an international norms entrepreneur? Give an example
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activists sharing normative objectives, often "frame issues" in order to redefine them as undesirable
e.g. opponents of female circumcision framed the practice by changing the name to female genital mutilation
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What is an international norms entrepreneur? Give an example.
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An individual or group who seek to advance principled standards of behavior for states and other actors through the formation of TANs.
Ex. opponents of female circumcision framed the practice by changing the name to female genital mutilation.
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Identify an international norm that has been codified into international law.
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Diplomatic Immunity
codified in 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations
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Identify two limitations that will likely prevent Transnational Advocacy Networks from replacing national governments.
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1) They are not legally binding (voluntary involvement)
2) They depend on the freedom given to them by the states they are trying to influence
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Identify two limitations that will likely prevent Transnational Advocacy Networks from replacing national governments.
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Cannot legally bind their members
Must rely on voluntary compliance from their targets
Depend on benign treatment from states
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Identify the two main streams of philosophical writing and the two principal categories of human rights each influenced.
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Liberalism and Marxism. Liberalism influenced civil and political right. Marxism influenced economic and social rights.
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Identify the two main streams of philosophical writing and the two principal categories of human rights each influenced.
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Liberalism: origin of civil and political rights
Marxism: origin of economic and social rights
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Identify three specific civil and political rights recognized by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
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Life and liberty
Prohibition of slavery
Freedom from arbitrary arrest
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Identify three specific civil and political rights recognized by the Universal Declaration of Human rights.
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Prohibition of slavery
Prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment
Right to privacy
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Identify three specific economic and social rights recognized by the Universal Declaration of
Human rights.
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1) right to marry and have a family
2) right to own property
3) right to social security
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Identify three specific economic and social rights recognized by the Universal Declaration of Human rights.
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Right to marry and have a family
Right to own property
Right to education
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What is the principal legal difference between the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the two subsequent covenants?
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The two covenants are legally binding while the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is not.
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What documents comprise what is frequently called the International Bill of Rights?
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the UDHR and the twin covenants
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What documents comprise what is frequently called the International Bill of Rights?
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The UDHR and the ICCPR and ICESCR
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What is the purpose of the First Optional Protocols of the two human rights convenants?
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establishes an individual complaints system
permits petitions from individuals for violations of covenant
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What is the most common reason that governments violate the human rights of their citizens?
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Some states simply lack the capacity to prevent human rights violations
Other states do so in order to defend their national security
example japanese internment camps after pearl harbor
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What is the most common reason that governments violate the human rights of their citizens?
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Many states are not willing to pay the high costs to protect them.
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Name two international treaties or conventions on human rights to come after the two human rights covenants
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-Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
-Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
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What is the purpose of the International Criminal Court? What type of international institutions was it intended to replace?
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Its purpose is to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. It is a court of last resort. It replaced ad-hoc tribunals and United Nations Court.
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Identify two important innovations in human rights institutions that are likely to have implications for the future.
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Individual Petition- Individuals are allowed to petition the court directly if they claim a state has violated rights that are denoted in the ECHR. Individual petitions make it harder for states to block international courts from hearing cases they fear they might lose.
Universal Jurisdi…
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What is universal jurisdiction. Give an actual historical example of its use.
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countries may claim the right to prosecute perpetrators of crimes against humanity.
e.g. Case of Augusto Pinochet:
Ruled Chile 1973-1990, indicted by Spanish court on numerous human rights violations in 1998, arrested in UK in 1998 and detained, returned to Chile in 2000, indicted or i…
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What is universal jurisdiction. Give an actual historical example of its use.
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States exercise jurisdiction over serious human rights offenses wherever they may be committed and regardless of whether the victim is one of its citizens.
Ex. Spain attempted to extradite former chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet.
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What is individual petition? Why is it significant in international relations?
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It permits individuals to petition appropriate international legal bodies directly if they believe a state has violated their rights. It is significant because individual petitions make it harder for states to block international courts from hearing cases they fear they might lose.
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What are nonderogable human rights? Give one example.
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Rights that cannot be suspended for any reason.
Ex. Freedom from torture or cruel and degrading punishment
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Why does addressing global environmental problems resemble a Prisoners' Dilemma situation?
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Because in the prisoners dilemma, the dominant strategy is to defect regardless of their partner's actions and free ride off of the efforts of others. This is produced the same way at a global level with the same consequences.
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What is an externality? Give an example.
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An externality is created when a decision
creates costs or benefits for stakeholders
other than the actor making the decision.
ex: A firm Dumps waste into a river, this creates a negative externality of polluted water towards people who use the water as a resource
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What is an externality? Give an example?
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It is created whenever a decision creates costs or benefits for stakeholders other than the actor making the decision.
Ex. Polluted water
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Explain how the European Emissions Trading Scheme has managed to reduce emissions of
greenhouse gasses.
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The ETS helps create incentives for
businesses to reduce emissions by selling
unused credits.
• This helps lead to more efficient allocations of
emissions
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Explain how the European Emissions Trading Scheme has managed to reduce emissions of greenhouse gasses.
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Industries are given tradable allowances for greenhouse gases up to an emissions limit. These firms may also purchase credits from other firms if they want to exceed those levels.
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How do common pool resources differ from pure public goods. Give an example of global common pool resources.
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Common pool resources are nonexcludable but are rival in consumption.
Public goods are nonexcludable and non rival.
Ex. International Whaling Commission
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What is the most common role of Transnational Advocacy Networks in dealing with global environment problems?
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Environmental TANs play the role of the fire alarm and call attention to governments who violate agreements
e.g. while violations still occur, TANs help monitor the ban on whaling
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What is the most common role of Transnational Advocacy Networks in dealing with global environment problems?
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They play the role of "fire alarm" and call attention to governments who violate agreements.
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Identify 2 reasons why ozone depletion has been an easier problem to deal with than climate change.
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1. reduction of carbon di-oxide is highly controversial
2. smaller numbers of groups and countries are involved, reducing costs of collective action.
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Identify two reasons why ozone depletion has been an easier problem to deal with than climate change.
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-There was a smaller number of firms and countries that were involved, reducing the costs of collective action.
-Carbon dioxide is highly controversial in many countries, and policies to change emission levels would be harmful to those of political power in those countries.
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What states are known to currently posses nuclear weapons.
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US, Russia, Great Britain, France, China,
India, Pakistan, Israel and North Korea
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Name the five states recognized as nuclear weapons states under the 1968 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty.
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US, Russia, UK, France and China
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Name the five states recognized as nuclear weapon states under the 1968 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty.
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U.S., Russia, Great Britain, France, and China
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What is the difference between a "first strike" and a "second strike" nuclear capability?
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1st strike is the ability to make the 1st offensive nuclear attack.
2nd strike is the ability to sustain the 1st strike and then still be able to launch their nuclear weapons at the original aggressor.
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Identify the three “pillars” of the 1968 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty and explain the aim or
goal of each.
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1) Nonproliferation: Goal, Prohibited from assisting in nuclear weapons capability
2) Disarmament: Goal NWS agree to seek to eliminate nuclear weapons/Longstanding criticism by non-NWS/ Obama 2009 SC resolution addressed this
3) Peaceful use: All have “inalienable right” to peaceful use…
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Identify the three "pillars" of the 1968 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty and explain the aim or goal of each.
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-Nonproliferation: prohibited from assisting in nuclear weapons capability
-Disarmament: NWS agree to seek to eliminate nuclear weapons
-Peaceful use: All have "inalienable right" to peaceful use of nuclear technology
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Role of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) under Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty
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if cheating is discovered, the IAEA has no authority to impose sanctions. Instead, it submits charges to the United Nations Security Council
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In terms of the bargaining framework first introduced in Chapter 3, is a substantial shift in power likely to be more dangerous if the cost of war is high or if the cost of war is low? Why?
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If the costs of war are small relative to shift in power, then it can be dangerous. The declining state expects to get more through war in the initial period - the danger of preventive war is real
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In terms of the bargaining framework first introduced in Chapter 3, is a substantial shift in power likely to be more dangerous if the cost of war is high or if the cost of war is low? Why?
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Low, because the state that is declining in power would expect to gain more from going to war than from bargaining. They also want to initiate war and win before they lose more power. When the cost of war is high both states have an increased bargaining range which is closer to their idea…
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What state is likely to overtake the US economic size within the 21st century? Why might this be of concern to security analysts?
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China: China's role is dangerous because there are large conflicts of interests between the nation and US
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Is the continuation of globalization inevitable? If so why? If not, what might slow or reverse it?
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History tells us that globalization is neither inevitable nor irreversible, but The political conflicts can slow or reverse it.
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How does the spread of information and communication technology increase income inequality?
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Unskilled workers who do not have access to communication tools are at a disadvantage to those that have them, because they don't have access to tools that would help further their careers.
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“Battle of Seattle”
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“Battle of Seattle”
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What was the "Battle of Seattle"?
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Protecting activity surrounding the WTO conference in 1999. Protestors mobilized to prevent these talks, but became escalated.
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In the context of economic globalization, what is meant by the phrase “race to the bottom”?
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This is when developing governments lower restrictions (run country to the ground) in order to promote investment (make countries want to invest in them because they dont have pollution laws, child labor laws, etc) to become a better nation
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Why is voting in the IMF said to be undemocratic?
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Because states voting power in the IMF is based on currency rather than population. States with more money have a greater share in voting power.
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Why is voting in the IMF said to be undemocratic?
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Because there is a representation at the level of the state and decision rules that favor some countries over others.
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Give an example of an international norm that has been codified into international law.
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Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
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What is the purpose of the First Optional Protocols of the two human rights covenants?
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Establishes an individual complaints mechanism
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What was the purpose of the Montreal Protocol of 1989?
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It specified larger cuts in emissions and enforced stricter rules.
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What states are known to currently possess nuclear weapons.
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The U.S., Russia, Great Britain, France, China, India, Pakistan, Israel and North Korea
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What is the role of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) under the 1968 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty?
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To inspect non-nuclear states in the treaty to make sure they are not developing nuclear weapons as promised. These inspections ensure that these states do no divert enriched uranium or plutonium from their reactors and use those materials to build nuclear weapons.
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What state is likely to overtake the US in economic size within the 21st century? Why might this be a concern to security analysis?
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China: because it can impact states' interests between the U.S. and China and gaining power usually allows them to do better in war.
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In the context of economic globalization, what is mean by the phrase "race to the bottom"?
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Each government sets its own rules, so governments may lower their standards in the competition to attract investment.
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POL 202: EXAM 1