130 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
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Crime on Campus Statistics
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-4 aggravated assaults at residence halls
-42 burglaries
-880 liquor law violations = disciplinary action
-68 liquor law violations = arrests
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6 places you can access info on covering crime?
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-the police blotter
-jail logs
-talking to police
-previous criminal records
-campus (cleary act; buckley amendment)
-crime scenes - limited & varies
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2 Things to Do When Wording Accusations
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-use official charges
-watch wording phrases
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Be careful when calling someone a _____.
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-victim
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Withhold using the names of suspects in a crime until they've been formally:
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-charged with a crime
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What to gather when reporting on a crime:
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-suspects
-victims
-injuries/fatalities
-location
-time
-what happened
-official arrests & charges
-eyewitnesses
-be sure to use both people & records
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Five types of crime stories
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-wrecks
-burglary/robbery (the candy bar bandit)
-homicide/murder
-fires
-covering the police beat
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Court stories are full of what?
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-drama
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Court Stories Have What 3 Things?
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-conflict
-colorful narrative
-can have large impact
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Different levels of courts
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-local, state, federal
-federal: district, appellate, supreme
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Criminal v. Civil Cases
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-criminal cases are violations of any laws regulating crime
-civil cases involve lawsuits between 2 parties
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Criminal Cases
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-arrest, booking
-charges
-arraignment
-preliminary hearing
-trial, sentencing, appeal
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Change of Venue
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-when a trial changes locations in order for the defendant to get a fair trial
-usually because of too much pretrial publicity
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Burglary v. Robbery
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-burglary involves entry into a building with intent to commit a crime
-robbery involves stealing with violence
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Jail v. Prison
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-jail is a local thing and prison is a federal thing
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Felony
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-major crime punishable by sentence of a year or more
-major crime punishable by death or imprisonment
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Misdemeanor
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-crime less serious than a felony
-punishable by less than one year in jail or fines
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Grand Jury
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-group of citizens selected by the court to determine whether a person should be charged with a crime
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Indictment
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-when the grand jury recommends that there's enough cause to charge a person for a crime
-the grand jury hands up an indictment to the judge
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Innocent/"Not guilty"
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-AP style recommends using "not guilty"
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What's government?
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-Congress, Senate
-state legislatures
-school boards
-county commissions
-city councils
-The University of Alabama
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How Government Shapes Our Lives
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-garbage pickup, recycling
-police, fire, ambulance
-restaurant inspections
-entertainment
-education
-housing, landlord-tenant laws
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The 4 beats of reporting on government
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-city
-county
-state
-national
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4 Ways Press Informs the General Public
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-meeting coverage
-the advance story
-highlight important issues
-how elected officials vote
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The Watchdog Rule
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-the press checks the powers of the government
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Columbus Dispatch (Watchdog Rule)
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-residential streets saw few snowplows
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Atlanta Journal Constitution (Watchdog Rule)
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-lobbyists rush to donate before legislature opens
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Boston Globe (Watchdog Rule)
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-Massachusetts easing rules for some pollutants
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Minneapolis Star Tribune (Watchdog Rule)
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-drug sentences all over the map
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Main Tip on Reporting
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-check public records (memos, letters, plans, audits, expense accounts, job postings, legal notices, statistics)
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The John Archibald Column Highlighted What?
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-the cost for 3 trips to Hawaii for one board member ($21,608)
-cost for one member's hotel room in DC ($734/per night)
-cost to send 2 board members to Marrakesh ($27,815)
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FOIA
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-freedom of information act allows you to send public record requests to see documents that you want to see
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Numbers in the News
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-numbers = data = stories
-think about your own life (how much you spend on coffee, etc.)
-shorten $14,586,000 to $14.5 million
-use concrete examples
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The Budget Process
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-budget request forms go out to department heads
-budget officer works with department head to make a plan
-budget is submitted to city council, commission, etc.
-legislative body examines it and holds public hearings
-budget is adopted
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What 4 things should you include in budget stories?
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-impact to taxpayers
-increase/decrease from previous year
-per-person comparison of costs
-"real" numbers to the readers
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Use _____ leads and storytelling techniques.
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-anecdotal
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Should you use graphics in statistics stories?
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-yes, when possible
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Should you use analogies in statistics stories?
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-yes
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Writing Tips for Budget Stories
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-interpret info (show impact on reader, use impact lead)
-translate jargon
-vary the pace (short sentences after long paragraphs)
-avoid boring quotes
-use conversational style
-avoid starting with "There"
-"The council's agenda is packed."
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T OR F: The board, council, & commission are all singular.
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true
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Do you capitalize titles before or after a name?
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before
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Vote styles are always written how?
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3-1
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When do you capitalize "city council"?
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only when it's a part of a proper name or referring to a specific council
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only when it's a part of a proper name or referring to a specific council
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-ethics is doing the right thing
-law is abiding by legal rights & responsibilities
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Ethics is governed by the _______.
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-the professional code of ethics
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Law is governed by ____ and ____.
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-statutes and courts
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Two major ways that law influences news & PR
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-ensures open meetings & records
-publication protection & consequences
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Much protection comes from the:
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1st amendment
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Libel
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-written slander
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Libel occurs when 3 things happen:
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-a false or defamatory statement about an individual is made
-published to a 3rd party
-causes injury to someone's reputation
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The Ultimate Defense for Libel is:
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-truth
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NY Times v. Sullivan, 1964
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-students expelled for singing on state capitol building steps & locked out of lunch to "starve them into submission"
-ad contained errors
-Sullivan was libeled & awarded $500,000
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What did NY Times v. Sullivan, 1964, prove?
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-truth is not the only defense
-dependence on truth as a defense would lead to self-censorship
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Must have 3 things for public official to win a libel suit:
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-must be defamatory
-must be related to the person's official conduct
-made with actual malice
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Actual Malice
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-"knowledge of falsity or reckless disregard for the truth"
-required to win libel suit against public officials or public figures
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Public Officials
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-government employees who have responsibility for government activities
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Public Figures
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-have considerable power & influence over the public
-those who voluntarily thrust themselves into public controversy
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Do private individuals have to prove actual malice?
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-no
-has to show the material was published with negligence, was false, and damaging
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Corrections to Libel
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-don't prevent libel suits and do not protect you in court
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Privilege: Two Types
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-qualified: privilege of the media as long as they're being fair and accurate
-absolute: privilege of public officials who can make statements without fear of being sued for libel
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3 Parts of Right to Privacy
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-using likenesses without permission
-using copyrighted content
-public v. private property
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What Do Open Records & Meetings Give Us?
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-access to info or places where news is happening thanks to:
-Sunshine Laws
-FOIA
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Freedom of Information Act
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-dates back to 1966
-applies to Federal Agencies
-file request by letter, electronically
-30-day response period; often takes longer
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Sunshine Laws
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-vary by state
-public may inspect records dealing with crime, courts, education, spending, "phone book"
-exceptions: if a higher law trumps the open records law, this info is not accessible
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T OR F: Government meetings must be advertised in advance.
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-true
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Exception to govt meetings being open to public:
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-executive or "closed" session due to personnel matters or attorney/client privilege
-votes may not occur behind closed doors
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Professional Organizations
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-PRSA
-PRSSA
-Society of Professional Journalists
-American Society of Newspaper Editors
-National Press Photographers Association
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Most employers will spend __ seconds looking at a resume.
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-10
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5 Resume Tips
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-keep it clear
-keep it concise
-1 page
-relevant info
-proofread
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References
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-commonly asked for 3 references
-ask professor, employer
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News consumption is up but what has declined?
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-print circulation
-print advertising
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Challenges that "red" finances brought to news?
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-reduced newsroom size & increased work
-greater focus on online readership & advertising
-reporters learning new skills (more stories in less time, multimedia approaches)
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Opportunities brought by news challenges
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-adopt interactive storytelling approaches
-reach audience in new ways
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The 4 U's of Writing Effective Twitter Posts
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-be USEFUL to the reader
-provide a sense of URGENCY
-make the reader think the benefit is UNIQUE
-do it in an ULTRA-SPECIFIC way
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When Tweeting Use What 4 things?
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-proper grammar (no text talk)
-complete sentences
-present tense
-subject - verb - order
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Online & Mobile Package Headlines - 4 rules
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-short, 5-7 words
-clearly sum up story's angle
-strong verb
-present tense
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Subheads for Story Segments
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-used to break up long stories online
-no more than 5 words
-sum up one section only
-active voice
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Blurb or Summary
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-18-20 words max.
-goes on front page with the main package head
-designed to draw readers in
-present tense
-written in tight sentence format
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What are the Three C's of writing?
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-clear
-concise
-conversational
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Writing for Print & Broadcast
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-driven by the three c's
-avoid repetition
-choose sound bites with emotion
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With print & broadcast, rather than word count, ______ is key.
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-timing
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What is structure driven by in print & broadcast?
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-dramatic unity
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Where is attribution in broadcast?
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-first
-ex: "says"
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Where is attribution for print & web?
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-usually last
-ex: "said"
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What voice do you always use in broadcast?
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-active voice
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Tenses in Broadcast v. Print
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-broadcast is usually present or present progressive (some future)
-print is usually past tense
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6 Elements of a Broadcast Package
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-interviews
-natural sound
-b-roll (video footage)
-reporter's track
-reporter's stand-up
-anchor throw (lead-in) and wrap-up (optional)
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How many ideas per sentence in broadcasting?
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-one
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Should you ever round numbers in broadcast writing?
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-yes always
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Stereotypes
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-widely held but oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing
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SPJ Code of Ethics
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-tell story of the diversity, even when it's unpopular to do so
-avoid imposing your values on others
-avoid stereotyping (race, gender, age, religion, ethnicity, geography, sexual orientation, disability, physical appearance, social status)
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2 Key Issues in News Content
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-prevalence
-framing
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What percent of Americans 18 & older suffer from mental disorders?
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-26.2%
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Framing Mental Illness in the News
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-news frames link mental illness & violence
-often focus on ineffective treatment & inaccurate causes
-inappropriate word use
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In 2012, less than __ % sports articles were about female athletes.
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-5%
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How News Portrayals Shape Perceptions
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-stereotypes
-prejudice
-discrimination
-concerning prevalence
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Why do stereotypical portrayals of social groups appear in the news?
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-personal stereotypes & prejudice
-time constraints, narrative structure
-ignorance, misunderstanding
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What can journalists do to decrease stereotypes?
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-increase source diversity
-avoid stereotypes
-word usage
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Are women or minorities better represented in the newsroom?
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-women, but they tend to have lower-level positions
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"Glass Ceiling" is alive in ___.
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-PR
-execs are men
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Who writes for the NY Times?
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-26 men
-16 women
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What's one source reporters covering cops beats can find info from?
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-the police blotter
-jail logs
-previous criminal records
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Should we use the word "allegedly"?
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-no, because it doesn't provide any protection legally
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Who is Richard Jewell?
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-security guard working the olympics in Atl. He found a bomb & likely saved many people
-he was at first labeled a hero, but later incorrectly identified as the suspect for the bombing
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The Clery Act
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-named after a woman who was murdered in her dorm. her parents later discovered many crimes had been committed on campus, but not reported.
-this act provides reporters & public access to info about the number of crimes on federally funded college campuses
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What is the difference between law & ethics, according to Dr. Roberts?
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-law is about what we cannot do (must do), and ethics is about what we should do
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Who is Jayson Blaire?
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-reporter for the NY Times who fabricated & plagiarized stories
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Rick Bragg's "one simple rule" in writing about disasters?
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-put a human face on it
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Dr. Roberts discussed the "Ws and It" list about ethical dilemmas. Name one.
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-What's your problem?
-Who wins, who loses?
-What's it worth?
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How did Dr. Roberts define "values"?
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-concepts and beliefs that transcend individual situations
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What method is considered the "workhorse" of the PR industry?
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-news release (or press release)
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What info is included at the bottom of a news release?
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-contact info for the PR practitioner & info by which the news reporter may glean additional info
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What type of lead used for a news release?
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-hard
-inverted pyramid
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Supreme Court decision that established the actual malice standard:
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-NY Times v. Sullivan, 1964
|
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What does the FOIA do?
|
-provides public access to info from the executive branch of the govt
|
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When do readers most often share news stories using social media?
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-morning & evening
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One good & one bad consequence of paying reporters based on the number of clicks they get?
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-good: reporters may demonstrate greater initiative
-bad: reporters may pay attention to less important topics
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______ occurs when news outlet uses GPS to provide consumers local advertising & news.
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Geotargeting
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____ design means a news website will change its size depending on if a reader is using a computer, smart phone, or tablet.
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-responsive
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Fair Comment & Criticism
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-protects editorial writers, critics, reviewers, & news analysts
-critics can express opinions as long as they're true
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Elements of Fair Comment & Criticism
|
-public interest
-facts known or believed to be true
-may not be malicious or reckless disregard for truth
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Four Grounds for Invasion of Privacy
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-intrusion
-public disclosure of private facts
-false light
-misappropriation
|
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#1: Intrusion
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-eavesdropping, trespassing, harassment
-ex: Dietemann v. Time Inc.
-strong defense: consent
|
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#2: Public Disclosure of Private Facts
|
-private info made public that was not previously public knowledge
-not of legitimate public concern
-the law protects you if: info is newsworthy or is already public
|
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#3: False Light
|
-similar to defamation
-gives off wrong impression of someone
-truth is a defense
|
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#4: Misappropriation
|
-using someone's name or likeness for commercial purposes without permission
|
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Tips for Photos
|
-get close
-use landscape frame
-avoid using zoom
-when high contrast, use HDR
-consider sizing options
|
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Tips for Video
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-landscape
-use the "rule of thirds"
-hold phone steady by bringing elbows in by sides
-get close
-keep it short
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Does traditional website design work well on portable technology?
|
-no
|
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GPS (geotargeting)
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-targeted advertising
-news now, where i am
-local crime, restaurant reviews, weather
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JN 311: FINAL