75 Cards in this Set
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Hobbesian View
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(willful child) religious and cultural mandate that a child's will needs to be tamed. Unquestioned obedience to the father of the home.
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Ancient Greece (800-146 BC)
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Childhood during this time period was full of child sacrifices, infanticide, and child slavery. Childhood ended and full adulthood began between age 5 and 7 years. Women and children were property of men, Parents were educators because it benefited society, not because it benefited the in…
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Middle Ages (400-1400 AD)
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Rural, primitive societies. Extended families were agrarian. A feudal system society existed. Many children died young of disease. Parent-child relationships were not warm or close. Formal education was limited to Roman Catholic clergy.
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Renaissance (1400-1600 AD)
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Nobles sent their children away to live with wet nurses. Biological parents were unconcerned about the quality of care given by wet nurses. Parents were indifferent toward their children. Recognition of childhood toward the end of this period.
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Early Developmentalism
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that each child had individual needs that parents should learn to recognize and meet. Rousseau urged parents to consider the nature of the child and use gentler methods of guiding a child's behavior. He also agreed that despotic rule should be followed in th…
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Environmentalism
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John Locke - child was a blank slate, upon which character could be written. Parents were viewed as individuals who could heavily influence a child's character or personality by their parenting behaviors.
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Colonial Period (US) (1600-1800 AD)
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Rigid Puritan religious orientation influenced by the doctrine of John Calvin. Parents believed that children were inherently bad and needed the hell beaten out of them. Corporal punishment was used often and was extremely severe by today's standard. Emphasis on early independence.
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Parenting among slaves
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Slave mothers were allowed very little time with their newborn infants. Slave families relied on shared parenting responsibilities. Slave parents often had to defer to slave owners in parenting. Slave parents received harsh treatment in front of their children.
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G. Stanley Hall
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1st PhD in American psychology. Began child study movement. Goal was to study the true nature of the child and to better understand children's needs. He believed that children were very different from adults.
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Early 20th Century (1890-1920)
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Autocratic parenting was most prevalent in US. Largely influenced by idea of Hobbesian view and the sinful child. Drill sergeant approach, harsh and strict. Unquestioned obedience with no input or opinion from the child. Strong influence from Watson's behaviorism; warned parents to not be…
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1930s-1940s
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Sigmund Freud - emphasis on children's natural instincts. emphasized importance of children's relationship with parents. Discouraged harsh parenting but did not offer any alternatives. Left some parents to resort to a permissive, lenient form of parenting.
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Early-Middle 20th Century (1930-1940)
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"Baby Decade" very child oriented. Much more tolerant, child-focused style of parenting.
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1950-1960
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Men not expected to contribute to parenting. Parents were advised to find alternatives to physical punishment.
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1970-present
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Men encouraged to be more active in parenting than their own fathers.
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Family Systems Theory
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Idea that the family is a system comprised of several different subsystems that influence one another. Outlines the process by which families make decisions, set and achieve goals, make rules for behaviors, and deal with change.
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wholeness
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a family system is different from the sum of its parts. The parts, or family members, are understood in the context of that whole. Product different than any individual parts. Ex: Marital susbsytem of m/f, parent-child subsystem of m/c1, f/c1.
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Interdependence
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If something affects one member of the subsystem it affects other members and or/ subsystems.
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Rules
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Define acceptable and appropriate behavior.
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Explicit Rules
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Stated out loud, more healthy for family members.
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Implicit Rules
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Unspoken, inferred, often not known until someone violates it; less healthy for family members.
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Roles
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Combination of rules or a script for acceptable behavior in a particular role. Implicit roles, governed by implicit rules, less healthy. Explicit roles governed by explicit rules, more healthy.
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Forms of Communication
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Verbal, nonverbal, contextual
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Verbal communicaiton
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words that convey meaning
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Nonverbal communication
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Tone of voice, facial expression, body posture. Touch. Conveys a message on it's own and/or provides information regarding the verbal message.
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Contextual communication
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Where and under what circumstances communication takes place.
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Reciprocal Interaction and Feedback Loop
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-Interactions are contained within a loop that feedback into themselves
-Intervention can punctuate anywhere within the loop
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Psychological Boundaries
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Separate individuals within a family; regulate the amount of emotional connectedness and intimacy between family members. Separate subsystems within a family. Determine the amount og info that comes in and out of the family. Determines how the family interacts with other families and soci…
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Rigid Boundaries
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Maintain the status quo from the group; nothing changes within the family. Won't seek out help for relationship and unwilling to take in information.
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Flexible Boundaries
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Permit the exchange of information and promote change in the family. Willing to take in information.
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Fused Boundaries
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Result in enmeshment in which the child is not permitted to become his or her self. Child may be expected to be just like parent or child is expected to take care of parent.
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Healthy Boundaries
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Just right. Allow individuation, appropriate expression of intimacy, and exchange of information.
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Adaptation
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Change causes imbalance or disequilibrium (stress) in patterns of family interaction. In time, the family adjusts to achieve that balance.
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Ecological systems theory
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Bronfenbrenner:
microsystem: immediate surroundings
ex family
mesosystem: linkage between microsystems
ex: family and school
exosystem: context that indirectly affects children
ex: parent's workplace
macrosystem: culture, religion, society
chronosystem: influence of time on the ot…
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Normative vs. Non-normative timing
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Timing of a parent's death, language development, puberty. Timing of catastrophic events such as war, recession and flu epidemic.
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Dimensions of Parenting Styles
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Support & Control
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Support
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(nurturance, warmth, responsiveness) Expressions of affection, inviting the child into conversations, showing interest in the child's activities, responding to the child's needs.
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Control
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(demandingness) Expectations for mature behavior, behavioral supervision/monitoring, delivery of consequences for inappropriate behavior.
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4 Parenting Styles
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1) Authoritative (high warmth, high control, moderate maturity expectation)
2) Authoritarian (low warmth, high control, high maturity)
3) Permissive Indulgent (high warmth, low control, low maturity)
4) Permissive Indifferent (low warmth, low control, very low maturity)
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Traditional parenting style
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The kind of parenting typical in traditional cultures, high in responsiveness and high in a kind of demandingness that does not encourage discussion and debate but rather expects compliance by virtue of cultural beliefs supporting the authority of the parental role. (High control, strict …
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Authoritative parenting behaviors
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high support/warmth, moderate parental control, high behavioral monitoring/supervision, willing to explain reasons for expected behavior and discuss guidelines with children, moderate expectations of maturity, age appropriate expectations based on the child's development stage
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Authoritative: child outcomes (positive)
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strong sense of security in their identity, high self-esteem, high levels of academic achievement, cooperative, high social maturity, high reasoning ability, willing to try new things, more influenced by their parents than by their peers.
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Authoritarian parenting behaviors
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low parental support/warmth, strict parental control (often includes corporal punishment), expects unquestioned obedience, unwilling to explain or reason with the child, unwilling to listen to the child's point of view, and high expectations of maturity.
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Authoritarian: child outcomes: internalizing behaviors
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depression, anxiety, fear of failure, dependent, withdrawn, distrustful
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Traditional parenting behaviors
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Very similar to authoritarian parenting except that it includes warmth/support, strict control, no discussion or debate, expect quick obedience, does not consider the child's perspective, reliance on physical punishment, high maturity expectations, high levels of control balance with more…
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Traditional child outcomes
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more collectivist ideals, strong sense of attachment to family and culture, do not show the negative outcomes of authoritarian parenting
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Permissive Parenting Behaviors
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rare parental control, low expectation for maturity, noncontrolling and nondemanding, do not encourage independence or internal limit setting, chaotic; no rules or routines.
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Permissive: Child outcomes
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Peers have stronger influence than parents, less happy, lack self-regulation in emotions and actions.
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Permissive Indulgent: Parenting behaviors
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highest parental warmth, little to no parental control, no supervision or monitoring, no consequences for inappropriate behavior, very low expectations for maturity, very low independence training (no chores), greater focus on complying with child's every demand, do not want to hinder chi…
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Permissive Indulgent: child outcomes
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"Spoiled Brat", immature, no self-control, selfish, deviant
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Permissive Indifferent: parenting behaviors
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little affection or concern expressed for child, uninvolved, uninterested in child's life, neglectful, very low support, low control, and low maturity expectations
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Permissive Indifferent: child outcomes
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Most detrimental effects on children. Children feel uninvolved, externalizing behaviors; aggressive, earlier sexual involvement, delinquent, likely to use drugs and alcohol.
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6 dimensions
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1. warmth
2. rejection
3. structure
4. chaos
5. coercion
6. autonomy support
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Acceptance/Involvement (Nurturance)
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extent to which the child perceives the parent as loving, responsive, and involved.
*SUPER FACTOR OF PARENTING
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High levels of nurturance/involvement - positive outcomes
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better academic performance, positive identity development, avoiding drug use, low problem behaviors, low levels of depression.
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Behavioral Control - Parental monitoring
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knowing where the child is, who the child is with, and what the child is doing. Low levels related to increased problem behaviors (externalizing, acting out behaviors)
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knowing where the child is, who the child is with, and what the child is doing. Low levels related to increased problem behaviors (externalizing, acting out behaviors)
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Extent to which parents try to control their children throughout coercive and punitive techniques
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Autonomy granting behavior
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(opposite of psychological control) includes induction or reasoning, problem solving
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5 principles of effective parenting
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1. take care of yourself
2. Nurture your children
3. Guide your children
4. Be your child's advocate
5. Motivate your child
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Galinsky's 6 stages of parenting
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1. Image Making
2. Nurturing
3. Authority
4. Interpretive
5. Interdependent
6. Departure
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Image-Making Stage
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-preg. to birth
-expectations formed of birth, child, and parenthood
-prepare adult for what they think is coming
-feelings of attachment for unborn baby
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Nurturing Stage
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The second stage of parenting. Parenting a young baby focuses on meeting the child's basic care needs, as well as forming a close emotional bond with the child.
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Authority Stage
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the third stage of Galinsky's six stages of parenting, from the child's ages two to four; as children become mobile and begin to understand language, parents set and enforce structure and guidelines for behavior .
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Interpretive Stage
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The fourth stage of Galisnky's six stages of parenting, which begins when children enter preschool or school. Children are becoming more independent and skilled, the role of parents is to serve as mediators between their children and other individuals in their children's ever expanding so…
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Interdependent Stage
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The fifth stage of Galinsky's six stage's of parenting; it starts when children enter adolescence and parents allow them more power and privileges, along with expecting more responsibility.
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Departure Stage
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The sixth stage of Galinsky's six stages of parenting, which occurs when offspring reach adulthood and leave home; parents evaluate how their children have turned out and the job they did as parents, and also how they may have dated different.
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Rene Spitz research
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Demonstrated that the responsiveness of the caregiver to infant's cries and other gestures of communication are crucial infant development. Ex: Russian orphans who were provided with scheduled care and not responsive showed pained expressions of grief and over time became listless and apa…
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Benjamin Spock
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questioned harsh child rearing practices, challenged the lenient approach to parenting adopted by parents who were influenced by the views of Freud. Emphasized that children need limits within the context of warmth and affection.
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B.F. Skinner
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questioned harsh child rearing practices, challenged the lenient approach to parenting adopted by parents who were influenced by the views of Freud. Emphasized that children need limits within the context of warmth and affection.
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Social Learning Theory
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Bandura - children have to be directly reinforced or punished to learn a behavior.
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Erikson
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psychological crises - theory emphasizes that individuals achieve psychosocial maturity by resolving the psychosocial crises that emerge at each developmental stage of life.
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Montessori
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all children have absorbent minds, want to learn, want to be independent, and pass through sensitive periods of development.
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Platt
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child has an inborn drive to learn and a strong interest in being consistently engaged in activities that promote learning.
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Piaget
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infants and children are cognitively capable human beings with inborn reflexes that are very quickly altered by their active engagement of the environment.
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Vygotsky
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emphasizing the parent-child partnership in learning
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Dreikur
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Social Discipline Theory - based on 4 principles; humans are social beings whose basic motivation is to belong, all behavior is purposeful, humans are decision makers, humans perceive reality, but their perceptions might be mistaken. Recognition of the equal worth of everyone in the group…
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HD 382: TEST 1