ISS 215: MID-TERM

CourseStructure object (23751) - Michigan State University

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146 Cards in this Set

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Conflict Theory	Higher arrest rate for Black because they are relatively poor and cannot afford attorneys who might prevent formal arrests
Median income of Blacks/Whites	Blacks- $37,500 Whites- $64,663 Black income resembles Whites of 10 years ago
Poverty level for Blacks/Whites	Blacks- 24.7% Whites- 8.4%
Victimization Surveys	Annual systematic surveys of ordinary people to reveal how much crime occurs Blacks are 22% more likely to be victims of violent crime than are whites
Environmental Justice	Efforts to ensure that hazardous substances are controlled so that all communities receive protection regardless of rate or socioeconomic circumstances Landfills or plants or generally by low-income neighborhoods
Gerrymandering	Bizarre outlining of districts to create politically advantageous outcomes
Redlining	practice of denying, or charging more for, services such as banking, insurance, access to health care, or even supermarkets, or denying access to jobs to residents in particular, often racially determined, areas Outlawed by the Community reinvestment Act
Zoning laws	Legal provisions stipulating land use and the design of housing Often used to keep racial minorities and ow-income people out of suburban areas
World Systems Theory	A view of the global economic system as divided between nations that control wealth and those that provide natural resources and labor Ex: Exploitation of Native Americans and their land (natural resources and labor) by European invaders (wealth)
Merton's Typology	Unprejudiced non-discriminator- all-weather liberal Unprejudiced discriminator- reluctant liberal Prejudiced non-discriminator- timid bigot Prejudiced discriminator- all-weather bigot
Naturalization	Acquisition of citizenship and nationality by somebody who was not a citizen of that country at the time of birth
Remittances	Transfer of money by a foreign worker to his or her home country.
Refugees	People living outside their country because of persecution
Colonialism	A foreign's power to maintain political, social, economic control over people for an extended period of time Ex: British Empire over India
Amalgamation	Process by which a dominant group and a subordinate group mix by intermarriage to form a new group
CONTACT Hypothesis	Intergroup contact between people of equal status in noncompetitive circumstances will reduce prejudice
Self-fulfilling Prophecy	Tendency to respond to and act on the basis of stereotypes Can lead to validate false definitions Ex: Child who is praised for being naturally funny will focus on learning to become funny to gain approval or attention
Stratification	Structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal rewards and power
Indian Claims Commission	Created to hear claims against U.S from tribes Ex: Treaty violations
Ethnicity Paradox	Maintenance of one's ethnic ties in a way that can assist with assimilation in larger society
German Americans	Largest group in America Settled in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan Anti-German acts During WWI and WWII 11,000 German Americans interned
Irish Americans	Anglicans from England and Presbyterians from Scotland arrived first Catholics arrived later and became dominant religion Maintained their cultural heritage Discriminated against in housing, jobs, education because of Catholicism Figured prominently in the Democratic Party to address …
Sects	Group with distinctive religious beliefs that break away from a larger group Ex: Lutheran
Cults	Pejorative term that refers to a group whose beliefs are considered abnormal Ex: Waco in Texas
Total Discrimination	Combination of current and past discrimination created by poor schools and menial jobs
Informal Economy	Transfer of money, goods, or services that are not reported to the government Found in inner-city neighborhoods and poverty-stricken areas Seasonal/Infrequent employment Participants lack training/skills to be hired in primary labor market
Fair Employment Practices Commission	No real power to stop employers from discriminating against Blacks Franklin roosevelt initiative Opposed by southern Whites Inadequate funding
Brown v. Board of Education	"separate but equal facilities" are unconstitutional A lot of resistance to decision State and Local government ignored ruling
Civil Rights Act of 1964	Established EEOC Prohibited discrimination in voting, public accommodations, jobs
Central conditions of slavery	For life Inherited Slaves considered property Slaves denied rights
Slave codes	Laws that defined the low position of slaves in America Varied from state to state Violations meant punishment
JIm Crow Laws	Laws passed in southern states to keep Blacks in their place Ex: Poll taxes, Literacy tests, lack of access to public facilities
Restrictive Covenant	Private contract or agreement that discourages minority group members from purchasing housing in a neighborhood Usually attached to deed Ex: Blacks cannot own this property
CORE	Founded in 1942 Fought discrimination with nonviolent, direct action
Exclusionary zoning	Applied to local zoning measures that impose costs or requirements that exclude certain uses Ex: Many wealthy suburban communities have single family residential areas zoned such that very large and expensive lots, and architectural features are required of development
Apartheid schools	All-Black schools 1 out of every 6 Black students attend
Tracking	Practice of placing students in specific curriculum groups on the basis of test scores and other criteria Blacks assigned to general classes and whites assigned to college prep classes Integration is NOT a success of public education
Differential Justice	Whites are dealt with more leniently than Blacks Application of hardest judgment is death penalty
Marginality	The status of being two cultures at the same time
Globalization	Worldwide integration of policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade, movements of people, and the exchange of ideas
Authoritarian personality	Likely to be prejudiced and use others as scapegoats
Reducing Prejudice (4)	Education Mass Media Intergroup contact Workplace training programs
Bogardus Scale	technique used to measure social distance (tendency to approach or withdraw from a racial group) toward different racial and ethnic groups
Mixed Status	Families in which one or more members are citizens and one or more are not
Transnationals	Immigrants who sustain multiple social relationships that link their societies of origin and settlement
Conservative/Liberal Religions	Liberal- United Church of Christ, Episcopalians Moderates- Disciples of Christ, Methodists, Presbyterians Conservatives- American Lutherans, American Baptists Fundamentalists- Southern Baptists, Assembly of God, Missouri Synod Lutherans
Asylees	Foreigners who have already entered the I.S and now seek protection because of persecution More formal than refugees Permanent
First immigrants to the U.S	Protestants from England
Matthew Shepard and Kames Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act	Gives DOJ power to investigate and prosecute against hate crimes Signed into law October, 2009 by President Obama
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965	Replaced National Origin System Goal was to reunite families and protect American labor market Restricted immigration from Latin America Primary source of immigrants came from Italy, greece, Portugal, Mexico, West Indies
National Origin System	Reduced overall immigration Significantly reduced immigration from Southern Europe, Italy, Greece, Asia with the use of quotas Occurred because of anti-immigration sentiment and WW1
Chinese Exclusion Act	Ended Chinese immigration Denied naturalization rights to Chinese already in the U.S
Removal Act	Relocated tribes west of the Mississippi
Allotment Act	Subdivided tribal lands into individual household plots Way to merge tribes into White culture
Reorganization Act	Required tribes to develop election-based governments and leaders
Termination Act	Stopped federal services Closed reservations Federal government resumed services in 1975
Sovereignty	Tribal self-rule
Slavery reparation	The act of making amends for the injustices of slavery Financial compensation
SNCC	Played a major role in sit-ins
NAACP	Founded by Niagara Movement leaders Merged White liberalism with Black militancy
Black Panthers	Founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale Blacks should not assimilate
Panethnicity	The development of solidarity between ethnic subgroups Ex: Hispanics
Latinos	Account for more than 1 in 8 people in the U.S Earn 70 cents to the dollar of Whites
Color Gradient	the placement of people on a continuum from light to dark skin color rather than distinct racial groupings by skin color
Borderlands	The area of a common culture along the border between Mexico and the United States
Maquiladoras	Foreign-owned companies on the Mexican side of the border with the United States More than 40% of the 700,000 maquiladora jobs were eliminated due to lower wages in China
Hometown Clubs	Nonprofit organizations that maintain close ties to immigrants' hometowns in Mexico and other Latin America countries
Dry foot, Wet foot	Policy toward Cuban immigrants that allows those who manage to reach the U.S to remain but sends those who are picked up at sea back to Cuba
Marielitos	People who arrived from Cuba in the third wave of Cuban immigration, specifically those forcibly deported by way of Mariel Harbor
Remittances	Monies that immigrants return to their country of origin $24 billion annually
Cuban American Immigration	1.7 million of Cuban descent in the U.S (49% in Miami) 1st wave 200,000 after Fidel Castro came into power Stopped after Cuban Missile Crisis when legal movement between Cuba and U.S was halted 2nd wave (Freedom Flights) 340,000 Most settled in Miami 3rd wave (Freedom Flotilla) 1…
Cuban American Current Picture	Compare favorably to other hispanics in social measures Accepted White culture Cuban American National Foundation (have strong anti-castro stance)
Political Power of Latinos	Ballots must be bilingual if 5% or 10,000 people in city do not speak English Generally more Democratic
Mojados	"Wetbacks" Mexicans who enter U.S illegally
Mexican Immigration	Mexican Revolution thrust refugees into the U.S Was not restricted until 1965
Repatriation	1930's program of deporting Mexicans Relieve economic pressure of Great Depression
Pentecostalism	Similar to evangelical faiths Conservative Believe in the infusion of the Holy Spirit into services and religious experiences Churches are usually small and offer a sense of community
Orientalism	Simplistic view of the people and history of the Middle East No recognition of change over time or diversity Created stereotype of hundreds of millions of people
Jihad	Struggle against the enemies of Allah Ones own internal struggle Many Muslims see this as meaning carrying out an armed struggle against enemies of Palestine (Israel and U.S)
Islamophobia	Negative feelings toward Muslims
Desi	Colloquial name for people with South Asia (India and Pakistan) ancestry
Yellow Peril	Generalized prejudice toward Asian people and their customs Saw as heathen, morally inferior, drug addicted, and savages
Gook Syndrome	David Riesman developed term American tendency to stereotype Asians as all alike and undesirable Brought on by U.S media
Issei	1st generation immigrants from Japan to U.S
Sansei	3rd generation Japanese Americans
Nisei	2nd generation Japanese Americans
Yonsei	4th generation Japanese Americans
Kibei	Nisei generation sent back to Japan for education and arranged marriages
Zionism	Traditional Jewish religious yearning to return to the biblical homeland Now used to refer to support for the state of Israel
Diaspora	Exile of Jews from Palestine
Holocaust	State-sponsored systematic persecution and annihilation of European Jewry by Nazi Germany 2/3 of Europe's Jewish population were killed
Kristallnacht	90 Berlin Jews were murdered Jewish homes set on fire Jewish storeowners windows broken
Androgyny	Being both masculine and feminine
Sexism	Idea that one sex is superior to another
Glass Ceiling	Barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified worker because of gender or minority status 15% of CEO jobs are held by women
Homophobia	Fear and prejudice towards gays and lesbians More respectable form of bigotry than prejudice against race or religion
People with Disabilities	36 million people Media has contributed to the stereotyping 2/3 of working age people with a disability are unemployed
Stonewall Riots	Late 1960's Violent demonstrations by members of gay community against police Beginning of gay and lesbian movements
American Psychiatric Association	Removed gay from being an illness in 1973
AIDS	Backlash against gays in 1980's Cocktail drug in 1990's
Lawrence v. Texas	Ruled that practicing being gay is legal Was felony prior to the ruling
Defense of Marriage Act	Denied federal recognition of same-sex marriages
Americans with Disabilities Act	Prohibits discrimination towards people with disabilities
Older Women's League	Focuses on access to health insurance, Social Security benefits, and pension reform
American Association of Retired Persons	40 million members (43% of people 50 and older) Discounts and insurance for members Started Minority Affairs Initiative
Age Discrimination in Employment Act	Protects workers 40 years or older from being fired because of age Prevents replacement by younger individuals
Suffrage Movement	South was opposed because of more black voters and and the role they played in the abolitionist movement Amendment to give women the right to vote was introduced in 1879, but was not passed
Nineteenth Amendment	1919 Gave women right to vote
Elderly Statistics	Women outnumber men 3 to 2 Women outnumber men 5 to 2 in oldest age segment 80% are white non-hispanic
Gray Panthers	Founded by Meggie Kahn Focus on anti-war, health care, gay marriage, and environmentalism
Transgendered (Transsexuals)	People whose gender is not the same as it was at birth
Transvestites	People who wear clothing of the opposite sex Cross-dressers
AIDS Coalition To Unleash Power (ACT-UP)	Most outspoken AIDS activist group Created new gay and lesbian constituencies
National Coalition of Anti-violence Programs	Documented more than 2,000 bias motivated incidents
Bowers v. Hardwick	Ruled that constitution does not protect homosexual relations
Feminine Mystique	Betty Frieden (founder of National Organization for Women) Society's view of a woman as only her children's mother and husband's wife
Feminization of Poverty	Trend since 1970 in which women account for a growing proportion of those who live below the poverty line 29.9% of households headed by single mothers lived in poverty
Women and Politics	53% of voters 78 female representatives 20 female senators More representation on state and local level
Jews and Politics	Mostly Democrat Joseph Lieberman (Al Gore's vice presidential running mate)
Anti-semitism	Most prevalent in 1920's and 1930's Supported by Ku Klux Klan, German American Bund, Henry Ford, and Charles Lindbergh 25% of Jews feel it is a serious problem in the U.S today Use of Internet to spread 26% of Americans felt Jews were "responsible for Christ's death" More than two-th…
Anti-Defamation League	Makes an annual survey of reported anti-Semitic incidents
Jewish Immigration	2nd largest Jewish population in the world (5 million) First Jews arrived in 1654 from Spain and Portugal (Sephardic) Largest Jewish migration occurred at the turn of the 19th century Jews arriving in 1930's were refugees 44% in the Northeastern part of the U.S Majority of Jews in 19…
Israel Law of Return	Defines who is a Jew Extends citizenship to all Jews
Tsu	Clans established along family lines
Hui Kuan	Benevolent associations organized based on the person's district of origin in China Lend money and settle disputes between members Part of an unofficial government called the Chinese Six Companies (CCBA)
Tongs	Chinese American secret societies Membership is based on common interests
U.S Chinatowns	Do not want to show problems because tourist won't come Substandard paying jobs Poverty Poor Healthcare Crime
Chinese Immigration	More than 3 million Increase in immigration after the 1965 Immigration Act
Executive Order 9066	Signed by President Roosevelt Authorized forced removal of Japanese 120,000 (90%) put in internment camps
Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians	Government apologized Gave $20,000 to 82,000 surviving internees
Civil Liberties Act	Signed by Ronald Reagan Authorized payments Payments came slow First checks issued in 1990
Intermarriage	1/4 of Chinese American under 24 marry someone who is not Chinese 2/3 of all children born to a Japanese American had a parent of a different race Whites are accepting Asian Americans Asian Americans ties to native culture are weakening
Model Minority	Minority group that has succeeded economically, socially, and educationally without resorting to political or violent confrontation 50% of Asian Americans have bachelors degrees compared to 28% of Whites Experience discomfort, harassment, and feel alienated on campus
Gran Torino	2008 motion picture Portrayed the challenges faced by the Hmong culture
Korean Immigration	1.3 million 1st wave 7,000 laborers migrated to Hawaii 2nd wave 14,000 during and after the Korean War Most were war orphans and wives of American servicemen 3rd wave Initiated by 1965 Immigration Act Well educated with professional skills 40% arrived since 1990
Ilchomose	"1.5 generation" of Korean Americans Immigrated to the U.S as children
Malcolm X	Critical of Martin Luther King Jr. and Civil Rights Movement Created Organization of Afro-American Unity Non-violent
Muslims and Politics	Mostly conservative 58% Democrat and 13% Republican Ralph Nader was most visible arab American Faith encourages political participation
Muslim Immigration	Began with slavery in the 17th century National Origins System slowed immigration to the U.S Immigration increased after 1965 Immigration Act 30% decrease in immigration after 9/11
Culture of Poverty	Developed by Oscar Lewis Way of life that involves no future planning, no commitment to marriage, and no work ethic Another way of blaming the victim
Black Muslims	1.7 million (5% of all African Americans) 90% of all converts 10% of African slaves were Muslim Not tightly organized into a single religious fellowship Have conflicting views with larger Islamic community
Nation of Islam	Controversial organization Goal was to improve the spiritual, mental, social, and economic condition of African Americans
Cesar Chavez	Formed National Farm Workers Association (UFW) Improved working condition Better wages No savings to pay for organizing
Hispanic Religion	Most important formal organization is church 58% of Hispanics were Catholic in 2007 Account for more than 1/3 of the Catholics in the U.S
Operation Wetback and Special Force Operation	Crackdown on illegal Mexican immigration Was not successful
Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund	Expressed concern over the handling of illegal immigrants


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ISS 215: MID-TERM

146 Cards in this Set

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