BIOL 1103K: TEST 1
118 Cards in this Set
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define the seven criterias of life
what do all living things do?
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1) complex, organized structures
2) maintain homeostasis
3) grow
4) acquire/make energy
5) adapt (adaptive response capability)
6) reproduce (pass on genes/ "meaning of life")
7) evolve
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homeostasis
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process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment; the active maintenance of complex structures; maintaining one's environment
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how does the hierarchy scale organize items?
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by complexity and organization; complexity goes up as new abilities emerge
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list the hierarchy scale of complexity
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atom
molecule
organelle
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organism
population
community
ecosystem
biosphere
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life begins at what level of the hierarchy scale?
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the cell
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cell
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the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms
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how are the 5 kingdoms defined? (3)
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cell type (prokaryote vs. eukaryote)
cell number (unicellular vs. multicellular)
nutrient acquisition (autotroph vs. heterotroph)
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prokaryotic
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no nucleus; basic and simple; oldest
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eukaryote
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contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles; more complex
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kingdom monera
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unicellular; prokaryotic
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kingdom protista
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unicellular; eukaryote
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unicellular; eukaryote
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multicellular, eukaryote, absorbent
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kingdom plantae
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multicellular, eukaryote, photosynthetic
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kingdom animalia
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multicellular, eukaryote, ingest
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classification scheme (taxonomy levels)
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"king phillip came over for good sex"
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
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3 scientific principles
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natural causality
uniformatarianism
common perception
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natural causality
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no supernatural causes; the scientific principle that natural events occur as a result of preceding natural causes.
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uniformatarianism
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the rate of evolution is the same over time (what is happening today happened millions of years ago); the same principles that govern today governed millions of years ago; (time and space)
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common perception
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all human beings perceive natural events in the same way
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scientific method
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"Only hyennas eat raccoon carcases"
Observe (collect data)
Hypothesis (must be testable)
Experiment (control vs. experimental/ must be replicable)
Reevaluation
Conclusion (leads to theory)
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control
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a standard against which other conditions can be compared in a scientific experiment (compare the experiment with this)
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theory
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a well-tested explanation for a broad set of observations (very strong hypothesis); well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations
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ecology (two types)
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interrelationships between organisms and their environment
2 types:
1) organism-environment
2) organism-organism
--intraspecific (within a species)
--interspecific (between species)
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species
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group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring
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population
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a group of organisms of the same species which interbreed
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community
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a group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same habitat and interacting with each other
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ecosystem
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a system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment; biotic and abiotic components of a habitat
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biosphere
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all the ecosystems on the planet
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abiotic factors
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nonliving, physical features of the environment, including air, water, sunlight, soil, temperature, and climate
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biotic factors
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Pertaining to life; environmental factors created by living organisms
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autotroph
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monosaccharides
make own food by photosynthesis< (glucose & carbs)
first trophic level of organisms/ producers
chlorophyll/ plants
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heterotroph
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gain energy from autotrophs; sugar/ starrch
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primary heterotroph
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obtain energy directly from autotrophs, (herbivore)
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secondary heterotroph
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obtain energy from organisms that get their energy directly from autotrophs
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tertiary
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4th level; eats the secondary
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rule of ten
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transfer of energy from trophic level to trophic level resulting in only 10% of energy stored in previous level to be obtained by the predator
inefficient energy transfer because 90% is used up by metabolism
the higher the tropic level in the ecological pyramid, the more a species need…
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ecological pyramid
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the number of species at the top of the pyramid is smaller than bottom level producers and consumers because of the rule of ten
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bioaccumulation/ biomagnification
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increasingly concentrated accumulation of toxins at successively higher trophic levels in food chains
ex: DDT (pesticide) fat soluble, killed predatory birds
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carbon cycle
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the organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again
photosynthesis (glucose) and respiration
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hydrological cycle
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cycle of water, the movement of water and its transformation between the gaseous (vapour), liquid, and solid forms.
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nitrogen cycle
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nitrogen cycle
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population growth
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birth vs. death rate
biotic potential/ environmental resistance
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biotic potential
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the maximum reproductive rate of an organism, given unlimited resources and ideal environmental conditions
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environmental resistance
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All the limiting factors that tend to reduce population growth rates and set the maximum allowable population size or carrying capacity of an ecosystem
2 types:
density dependent vs. density independent
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density dependent
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Referring to any characteristic that varies according to an increase in population density; biotic factors such as predation, parasitism/ pathogens and competition
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competition
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limit of food/ space
competition occurs within populations when these factors are limited b/c members of same population have same requirements
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density independent
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Referring to any characteristic that is not affected by population density; abiotic factors that effect population growth such as drought or bad weather "boom bust cycle"; carrying capacity "s curve"
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carrying capacity
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the max number the environment can support
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ecological niche
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habitat and food/ water requirements for an organism; the role of organisms in the environment
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niche overlap
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members of the same species have the same requirements; why comp btw same species is more difficult
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competitive exclusion
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(fast) a way of eliminating niche overlap by killing off one competitor
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niche specialization
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(slow, evolution) a way of eliminating niche overlap by evolving to share resources and coexist
ex: Darwin's finches
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symbiosis
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how two species can interact; permanent living relationship between two organisms of different species
parasitism + - ( dog, flea)
commensalism + 0 (bird, tree)
mutualism + +
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keystone predator
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the main top predator that regulates other species; if you remove the keystone then the total number an environment can hold goes down because of niche overlap; competitive exclusion happens
ex: sea stars
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spatial (2 types)
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population pattern:
where a species lives
1) aggregate- species come together for a purpose (mating, defense)
2) uniform- protecting a specie's preferred land
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temporal
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population pattern:
how long a species lives
1) convex- die post-reproductive (humans)
2) constant- steady rate of death (coral)
3) concave- die pre-reproductive (plants)
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r selected
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term denoting a species with high biotic potential whose members produce a large number of offspring in a relatively short time but do not care for their young after birth;
type 3 concave graph
high level of reproduction (many, small young)
rapid maturation
may only reproduce once…
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k selected
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organisms that reproduce later in life, produce fewer offspring and devote significant time and energy to the nurturing of their offspring;
type 1 convex graph
few, larger young
slow maturation
may reproduce many times
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primary succession
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no previous community (starting from scratch)
goes from simple to complex
ex: stone mountain
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secondary succession
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born from a previous destroyed community
soil already established (easier than primary)
ex: forest fire
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evolution
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transformation of life on Earth
unifying principle of biology
environmental adaptations
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Hutton & Lyell
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contributed the ideas of uniformitarianism and gradualism "small changes can turn into big changes over time"
released Darwin from time constraints
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Lamarck
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use/ disuse
contributed to the idea of acquired inheritance
"parts that an organism uses increase in size and parts that they do not use disappear"
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Malthus
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"Essay on Populations"
contributed the idea of competition
humans reproduce expectational, but food and resources do not
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Darwin's Theory (7 essentials)
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1) overproductivity (biotic potential) (Malthus)
2) competition (Malthus)
3) some die before reproduction
4) variability in characteristics (Lamarck)
5) survival of fittest/ natural selection
6) variabilities are inherited (Lamarck)
7) change through time (Hulton & Lyell)
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evidence for evolution
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1) geographical distribution of species
ex. Australia- marsupials
2) fossils- predictable sequence of change from basic to complex
3) comparative anatomy
common descent evident in anatomical similarities
ex. forelimbs of vertebrates
4) vestigial structures
5) comparative bio…
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homologous structures/ divergent evolution
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similar evolutionary orgins, different structures
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analogous structures/ convergent evolution
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similar function, different evolutionary orgin
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vestigial structure
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remnant of a structure that may have had an important function in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species
ex. appendix in humans
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comparative biochemistry
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structure and function of DNA and RNA is similar in all living things, many different organisms have similar proteins, etc..., suggesting an evolutionary relationship
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embryology
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similarities among the young embryos suggest evolution from a distant common ancestor
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artificial selection
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selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms.
ex. mustard plants -> cabbage/brussel sprouts
ex. dogs
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industrial melanism
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modern day evolution
ex. Before Industrial Revolution, Lichen covered trees were light in color, dark moths were eaten more. After Industrial Revolution, Lichens absorbed soot + tree bark become dark in color, light moths were eaten more. resulting in dark moth population
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cell growth
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By producing more cells (Cells remain same size)
Limits:
The larger a cell becomes, the more demands the cell places on its DNA
The cell has more trouble moving enough nutrients and wastes across the cell membrane (rate at which exchange of food, oxygen, water and waste products depend…
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cell growth
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membrane limits size of cell because it increases at a slower rate than volume, must divide to make smaller
S.A/vol
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prokaryote cell division
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(duplication and separation)
cell divides into two new cells
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replication
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the process by which a cell makes a copy of the DNA in its nucleus
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binary fission
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asexual cell division of prokaryotes (single cell) that produces identical offspring "daughter cells"
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MITOSIS
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regular body cells/ shortest period
cell divides and makes two identical diploid cells from one diploid cell
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cell life cycle
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interphase and cell division (mitosis)
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interphase
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replication occurs here
cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases
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when does duplication occur?
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Interphase; NOT cell division
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g1
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g1 first phase of interphase; cell grows in size
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s phase
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The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.
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g2
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The final period of interphase during which the cell prepares for mitosis.
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eukaryote cell division
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"cell separates"
mitosis and cytokinesis
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mitosis phase
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phase during mitosis in which the cell divides
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cytokinesis
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division of the cytoplasm during cell division; cleavage takes place
cell actually pinches off and becomes two
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prophase
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first and longest phase of mitosis where chromatin coils into visible chromosomes, spindle fibers appear, nucleus disappears, and nucleolus disappears
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metaphase
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short second phase of mitosis where doubled chromosomes move to the equator of the spindle and chromatids are attached by centromeres to a separate spindle fiber;
kinetochore microtubules align sister chromatids along the metaphase plate at the center of the cell.
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anaphase
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the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles;
sister chromosomes are separated and pulled to opposite ends of the cell by kinetochore microtubules.
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telophase
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the final stage of mitosis, during which a nuclear membrane forms around each set of new chromosomes
(cleavage or cell plate happens)
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cleavage
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(1) The process of cytokinesis in animal cells (telophase), characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane. (2) The succession of rapid cell divisions without significant growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote to a ball of cells.
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cell plate
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the precursor of a new plant cell wall that forms during cell division (telophase) and divides a cell into two
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contact inhibition
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a phenomenon in which cells stop dividing when they are in close contact with neighboring cells, thus preventing excessive tissue growth.
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external controls on cell division
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Growth promoters; growth inhibitors
cancer= out of control cell division
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meiosis
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creates 4 haploid cells from one diploid cell
forms sex cells (sperm/ egg)
reason we have genetic diversity/ 2 divisions
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allele
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one of two alternate forms of a gene that can have the same locus on homologous chromosomes and are responsible for alternative traits
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monohybrid
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a hybrid produced by crossing parents that are homozygous except for a single gene locus that has two alleles (as in Mendel's experiments with garden peas)
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dihybrid
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a hybrid produced by parents that differ only at two gene loci that have two alleles each
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genotype
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genetic makeup of an organism
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phenotype
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what an organism looks like as a consequence of its genotype
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Expected phenotypic ratio
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9:3:3:1
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segregation
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(genetics) the separation of paired alleles during meiosis so that members of each pair of alleles appear in different gametes
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independent assortment
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the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes
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homozygous dominant
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Both alleles (factors) for a trait are the same and dominant (AA)
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homozygous recessive
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Both alleles (factors) for a trait are the same and recessive (aa)
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heterozygote
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when an organism's genotype has dominent and recessive genes for a trait (ex. Bb)
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test cross
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A genetic cross in which a test organism showing the dominant trait (phenotype) is crossed with one showing the recessive trait; used to determine whether the test organism is homozygous dominant or heterozygous.
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what determines Phenotype?
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genotype + environment
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sex determination
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individuals either develop into male (y) or female (x) depending which the sperm is carrying
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individuals either develop into male (y) or female (x) depending which the sperm is carrying
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(genetics) traits that tend to be inherited together as a consequence of an association between their genes
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genetic mapping
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The process of determining the location and chemical sequence of specific genes on specific chromosomes.
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% crossover
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when homologous chromosomes trade pieces with each other, causing genes that used to be linked to be separated
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polygenic
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of or relating to an inheritable character that is controlled by several genes at once
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punnet square
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A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross
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mendel
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Augustinian monk and botanist whose experiments in breeding garden peas led to his eventual recognition as founder of the science of genetics (1822-1884)
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Homologous pair
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Refers to two similar chromosomes in a diploid cell. One chromosome is derived from the father gamete cell and the other from the mother gamete.
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BIOL 1103K: TEST 1