BIO Final Review → Thermodynamics o First and second law  Conservation and useful energy o Reactants & products  If products have less energy than reactants= exergonic Activation energy Product more energy than reactants= endergonic  Coupling reactions  ATP di to tri. Energy between phosphates  Electron carriers o How make step by step processes run rapid at normal temps  Enzymes: bio catalyst lowers activation energy and is not altered in the process - It’s a protein which means it must maintain its tertiary structure - Must maintain active site - What does substrate bind to ? active site- What binds to the active site? Substrate - Understand how it works and importance f maintaining the structure - Enzyme regulationo Prokaryotes can turn genes on and off o Negative feedback: end product exhibition  Allosteric & competitive Balance the effect of the enzyme at all times → Photosynthesis/ Glycolysis o Photosynthesis: thylakoid= light dependent stroma= light independent  Photo: making light useful  Convert light to ATP and NADPH and oxygen - Because we don’t recycle electrons  Where are the electrons going? to the stroma  Calvin Benson/ C3 cycle= in the stroma making glucose  What starts and ends the cycle? ribulose bisphosphate  First step is carbon fixation, use co2 How many carbons at a time do you use to build glucose? 3 o Glucose degradation 1.glycolosis 2.fermentation 3.respiration What Is the anaerobic process that always begins the process of respiration- Have to input energy to put out energy- Runs under anaerobic conditions - Works in the cell, cytosol- Pyruvate is the end product - What dictates fate of pyruvate w oxygen w/o oxygen- Start in the matrix - What is the role of oxygen? o Works at the inner membrane o Electron transport → Molecular genetics o How did they determine dna was important? Bacterial transformation Hersey chase experiment: selectively labeled protein vs DNA - They determined dna was important as the genetic materialo Watson crick double helix modelo What a nucleotide made of?o Complementary base pairs  Build strand of dna Double helix= 2 strands  Sugar phosphate back bones  Steps= complementary bases  Hydrogen bonds hold together the two strands o How do you get replication? Semi-conservative  Take original parent strands separate them use them as templates to line up daughter strands  Primary enzyme? Dna polymerase  Mutations - 1.point o Can go from having no effect to stop - 2. Insertion/deletions= result in frame shift o DNA genetic material Codes for sequence of amino acids  Primary structure= sequence of amino acids  Using complementary bases can go from dna to rna  3 diff types of rna  Re-encoding of dna t rna= transcription- Enzyme= rna polymerase  Put all the rna together through translation  Replication, transcription, translation How do we use four things to code for 20 diff amino acids? Use 3 the whole way through  3 at a time at the dna level= called a triplet 3 at a time in the messenger= codons- 64 codons 4 punctuation leaves 60 for amino acids that’s why we have redundancy  Triplet> codon> anti-codon  Consequence= frame shift- Not making the same protein o Different looking cells  Regulate gene expression Prokaryotic unit of regulating gene expression? The apron  What comprises an operon? Nucleus and nature of our dna  Wan the exons in the protein don’t want the introns in the protein→ Basic of genetic engineering o 1.restriction enzyme ex: dna fingerprint o 2. Plasmid: extra circular piece of dna from one to