13 Cards in this Set
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principle of legal moralism
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the government may justifiably pass laws that interfere with individual liberty in order to protect common moral standards, independently of wether the activities in question are harmful to others or to oneself. Ex. sodomy laws
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the fallacy of common practice
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many people do X, therefore X is the right thing to do. Nazi Germany. When the right thing is unclear, it is generally safer to copy others.
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Deriving "ought" from "is" fallacy
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HUME: just because something is a certain way, does not mean that's how it ought to be. One cannot make statements about what ought to be on the basis of what is.
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(Act) Utilitarianism
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Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill: individual happiness and welfare is intrinsically valuable. The rightness or wrongness of actions depends on how it affects human welfare or happiness.
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Virtue theory
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virtue and vice are the basis for defining right and wrong. An action is only right if it is what a virtuous person would do.
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Normative Ethics
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gives a general account of what is right and wrong. Investigates the questions that arise when considering how one ought to act, morally speaking.
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Harm Principle
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John Stuart Mill: actions of individuals should only be limited to prevent harm to others
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Harm
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actions that directly undermine the rights of another person or group of people.
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Offense Principle
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Feinberg: individual liberty can only be interfered with to prevent individuals from offending others by causing them shame, discomfort, embarrassment, ect. "prevention of offensive conduct is properly the states business"
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Hate Speech
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language that shows strong hatred, contempt, or intolerance for some social group. Particularly groups classified by race, gender, sexual orientation
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Speech Codes
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put into place to prevent hate speech. Most famous ones were in the case Doe vs University of Michigan, had a guide that prohibited "stigmatizing or victimizing" individuals based on race. The guide contained many more rules.
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Speciesism
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prejudice in favor of ones own species. Peter singer stated that speciesism is morally equal to racism and sexism and that we have a moral obligation to give equal consideration to the interest of animals.
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Animal abolitionism
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all sentient beings, human or nonhuman, share a basic right to not be treated as the property of others.
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PHI 2630: TEST 1