32 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
|
Ecology
|
Study of relationships between organisms and there environment
|
|
Population
|
Group of individuals of a single species inhabiting a specific area
|
|
Fundamental Characteristics to population
|
Density- How many indiv per unit area
Abundance- How many total individuals are present
Population Dynamics- Changes in the distribution and abundance of populations
|
|
Survivorship curve
|
Type 1- High survivorship of young, high mortality of old (flowers)
Type 2- constant rate (Humans)
Type 3- High mortality of young (sea Turtles)
|
|
Birthrate
|
Number of offspring produced per female in a period of time
|
|
Rates of pop change
|
Life tables and fecundity schedule allows us to calc:
R0: Net Reproductive Rate
T: Generation time
r: per capita rate of increase
|
|
Net Reproductive rate
|
average number of offspring produced by an individual
|
|
Discrete generation
|
One generation finishes before the next begins
Annual plants
Insects with one generation per year
|
|
Overlapping Generations-
|
More than one breeding generation is present at a given time
Humans
Most birds and mammals
many Plants
|
|
Generation Time:
|
The average time from birth to birth
|
|
r
|
per capita rate of increase
=birthrate-deathrate
less than 0= declining
0=stable
Greater than 0=growing
|
|
Kt or Cretaceous-Paleogne Extinction
|
Extinction that killed off many of large dinosaurs.
Gave rise to placental mammals
Rapid radiation of mammals
66 MYA
|
|
Divergence of Humans and Chimps
|
6-8 MYA
short amount of time
|
|
Common Ancestor of humans and chimps
|
Arboreal- adept tree climbers
hairy
small brain
quadrupedal- used all four limbs to move
|
|
Bipedalism
|
humans
Advantage bc lets organism use forelimbs to for another function
|
|
Anatomy of bipedalism
|
Anterior foramen magnum
S shape spine
broad pelvis
Foot- human big toe non grasping (for stability)
arched feet- turned foot into propulsive lever
brain size significantly larger humans 1350 cm3
Chimps 375 cm3
|
|
Earliest humans
|
Ethiopia africa
4ft tall
5.8 MYA
|
|
Ardipithecus
|
First human
brain small
cranium very ape like
pelvis starts to broaden
gripping foot but curved bones
|
|
Australopithicus
|
4.2-1.9 MYA
LUCY skeleton
big toe not divergent in line with other toes
foot arch
|
|
First Homos
|
2.3 MYA
500-800cc brain- bigger brains
evidence of cognitive function tools
|
|
Modern Humans
|
.2 MYA
|
|
Cambrien Explosion
|
First large and complex organisms appear.
543-495 MYA
|
|
Cambrien Fauna
|
Most major animal phyla represented in some form
|
|
Origin of Amniotes
|
after first tetrapods
small agile, insectivorous
amniotic egg
waterproof skin
coastal ventilation via ribs
|
|
Amniotic egg
|
Albumin-resevoir for water and protein
Yolk- energy supply for the embryo
provides protection
allows passage of respiratory gases and water vapor
|
|
Sauropsids
|
Turtles, lizards, snakes,
many extinct species (dinosaurs)
|
|
Synapsids
|
Mammal like reptiles
mammals
|
|
Largest Mass extinction
|
Permian Triassic
252 MYA
gave rise to age of the dinosaurs
thought to be due to volcanic activity
|
|
Cretaceuos Paleogene Extinction or KT
|
killed off many of large dines
gave rise to mammals
|
|
How did life begin
|
1. Earths early atmosphere was capable of spontaneously producing AA
2. Replicating molecules evolved and began undergo natural selection
3. Replicating molecules became enclosed in a cell membrane
|
|
Evidence for single common ancestor
|
LUCA
genetic code is shared among all organisms
rRNA exists in all living cells and is highly conserved
|
|
Earliest LIFE
|
3.5 BYA
|
Exam 5