Cellular BiologyProkaryotes vs. EukaryotesCellular FunctionsEukaryotic CellSlide 5Slide 6Slide 7Eukaryotic OrganellesSlide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Plasma MembraneSlide 20Slide 21Slide 22Proteolytic CascadesMembrane FluidityCell-to-Cell AdhesionsSlide 26Slide 27Slide 28Cellular CommunicationSlide 30Signal TransductionSlide 32Cellular MetabolismAdenosine TriphosphateCellular EnergySlide 36Membrane TransportSlide 38Slide 39Slide 40Active TransportSlide 42Electrical ImpulsesPropagation of an Action PotentialThe Cell CycleSlide 46Slide 47Influences on the Cell CycleTissue FormationSlide 50Types of TissueSlide 52Slide 531Cellular BiologyChapter 1Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.2Prokaryotes vs. EukaryotesProkaryotesNucleus (single, circular chromosome)Cyanobacteria, bacteria, and rickettsiaeEukaryotesComplex cellular organization Membrane-bound organelles Well-defined nucleusHigher animals, plants, fungi, and protozoaMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.3Cellular FunctionsMovementConductivityMetabolic absorptionSecretionExcretionRespirationCommunicationMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.4Eukaryotic CellNucleusNuclear envelope- Membrane around nucleusNucleolus- organelles involved in cell divisionDNA- chemical blueprints of lifeDNA replication- semi conservative method, repair with nuclear enzymes in some cancers sometime defective repair enzymes, and transcription – making mRNA and tRNA and r RNA from DNA gene templatesHistone proteins – bind to outside of DNA double helix and protect DNA as well as control what genes are expressed at what time. Cell division – mitosis – Prophase – metaphase – anaphase – telophase – interphase. Cell cycleMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.5Eukaryotic CellNucleusMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.6Eukaryotic CellCytoplasmCytoplasmic matrixCytosolFunctionCytoplasmic organellesMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.7Eukaryotic CellCytoplasmMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.8Eukaryotic OrganellesRibosomes - organellesrRNA made from DNA and 2 protein subunitsFree ribosomes – independent from reticulumAttached ribosomes associated with EREndoplasmic reticulum – ER membrane complex inside cellSite of protein synthesisSmooth vs. rough endoplasmic reticulumMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.9Eukaryotic OrganellesRibosomes involved with protein synthesis. Line up tRNA + aa, rRNA and mRNA with enzymes that attach aa’s into long polypetide strandsEndoplasmic reticulum –site where ribosomes produce proteinsMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.10Eukaryotic OrganellesGolgi complex – final processing site for proteins, especially those destined to be secreted from the cell.Flattened, smooth membranesSecretory vesiclesProteins from the endoplasmic reticulum are packaged in the Golgi complex CisternaeMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.11Eukaryotic OrganellesGolgi complexMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.12Eukaryotic OrganellesGolgi complex – usually associate with ER and outer cell membranes. Site of final processing of proteins to be secreted out of cellMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.13Eukaryotic OrganellesLysosomes membrane bounded structuresOriginate from the Golgi and contain lytic enzymes Catalyze and breakdown proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydratesRole in autodigestionSome vitamins can destabilize lysosome membranes (retin A anti wrinkle cream) and cortisone stabilizes membranes preventing cellular breakdown (part of anti-inflamitory action PeroxisomesContain oxidative enzymes Break substances down into harmless productsMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.14Eukaryotic OrganellesMitochondriaSurrounded by a double lipid–bilayer membraneParticipates in oxidative phosphorylationIncreased inner membrane surface area provided by cristaeLocation where enzymes of the Krebs cycle are located and where ATP is produced in the Electro transport chain reactionsMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.15Eukaryotic OrganellesMitochondriaMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.16Eukaryotic OrganellesVaultsCytoplasmic ribonucleoproteins, shaped like octagonal barrelsCellular trucksMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.17Eukaryotic OrganellesCytoskeleton“Bones and muscles” of the cellMaintains the cell’s shape and internal organizationPermits movement of substances within the cell and movement of external projectionsMicrotubulesCentriolesMicrofilamentsMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.18Eukaryotic OrganellesCytoskeletonMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.19Plasma MembraneControls the composition of a space or compartment they encloseStructureCaveolaeLipidsAmphipathic lipids Hydrophilic and hydrophobicPhospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterolCarbohydratesMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.20Plasma MembraneMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.21Plasma MembraneProteinsIntegral, peripheral, transmembraneFunctionsReceptorsTransportEnzymesSurface markersAdhesion moleculesMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.22Plasma MembranePlasma membrane protein functionsMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.23Proteolytic CascadesCaspase-mediated apoptosisBlood coagulation cascadeMatrix metalloproteinase cascadeComplement cascadeMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.24Membrane FluidityMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.25Cell-to-Cell AdhesionsExtracellular matrixProductionFibroblastsCollagenElastinFibronectinMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.26Cell-to-Cell AdhesionsExtracellular matrixMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.27Cell-to-Cell AdhesionsCell junctionsDesmosomesTight junctionsGap junctionsGatingMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.28Cell-to-Cell AdhesionsJunctional complexMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.29Cellular CommunicationDirect