Altered Cellular and Tissue BiologyCellular AdaptationSlide 3Slide 4Cellular InjuryCellular Injury MechanismsSlide 7Slide 8Unintentional and Intentional InjuriesContusions and HematomasSlide 11Slide 12Slide 13Gunshot WoundsSlide 15Infectious InjuryImmunologic and Inflammatory InjuryInjurious Genetic FactorsInjurious Nutritional ImbalancesTemperature ExtremesAtmospheric Pressure ChangesIonizing RadiationSlide 23Cellular InjuryManifestations of Cellular InjuryHydropic DegenerationSlide 27Calcium InfiltrationCellular DeathSlide 30NecrosisCoagulative NecrosisSlide 33Liquefactive NecrosisSlide 35Caseous NecrosisSlide 37Fat NecrosisSlide 39Gangrenous NecrosisApoptosis a type of cell death different from Necrosis in that it is active self destruction of normal and pathologic tissueApoptosisAging and Altered Cellular and Tissue BiologyTheories of AgingSlide 45AgingSomatic Death1Altered Cellular and Tissue BiologyChapter 2Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.2Cellular AdaptationPhysiologic vs. pathogenicAtrophyHypertrophyHyperplasiaMetaplasiaDysplasiaMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.3Cellular AdaptationMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.4Cellular AdaptationMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.5Cellular InjuryReversibleIrreversibleMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.6Cellular Injury MechanismsHypoxic injuryIschemia – cut off of blood flow circulationAnoxia – insufficient oxygen can be due to lowered Hb, respiration effects, respiratory poisonsCellular responsesDecrease in ATP, causing failure of sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exchangeCellular swellingReperfusion injuryMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.7Cellular Injury MechanismsFree radicals and reactive oxygen speciesElectrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electronLipid peroxidationAlteration of proteinsAlteration of DNAMechanisms for the inactivation of free radicalsMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.8Cellular Injury MechanismsChemical injuryLead – CNS toxin – interferes with neurotransmitters causing hyperactivity. Lead paints and children – anemia & lead toxicityCarbon monoxide – binds irreversibly to HbEthanol – cellular toxin kills cells – liver toxin- interrupts protein transport – pickles cells can cause fetal alcohol syndromeMercury – neurotoxin can cause bone deformitiesSocial or street drugsMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.9Unintentional and Intentional InjuriesBlunt force injuriesApplication of mechanical energy to the body resulting in the tearing, shearing, or crushing of tissuesContusion vs. hematoma – bleeding in skin & underlying layersAbrasion – removal of superficial skin layersLaceration rip, year or puncture of skin & layersFractures – broken bonesMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.10Contusions and HematomasMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.11Unintentional and Intentional InjuriesSharp force injuriesIncised woundsStab woundsPuncture woundsChopping woundsMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.12Unintentional and Intentional InjuriesMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.13Unintentional and Intentional InjuriesGunshot woundsEntrance woundsContact range entrance woundIntermediate range entrance woundTattooing and stipplingIndeterminate range entrance woundExit woundsShored exit woundMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.14Gunshot WoundsMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.15Unintentional and Intentional InjuriesAsphyxial injuriesCaused by a failure of cells to receive or use oxygenSuffocationStrangulationHanging, ligature, and manual strangulationChemical asphyxiants- carbon monoxide, cyanideDrowningMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.16Infectious InjuryPathogenicity of a microorganism – gram neg or positive will determine which antibiotics will work best – anti viral agents for viral infectionsVirulence of a microorganism – some strains are more dangerous than othersDisease-producing potentialInvasion and destructionToxin productionProduction of hypersensitivity reactionsMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.17Immunologic and Inflammatory InjuryPhagocytic cells – immune cells that engulf and destroy invading microbes and toxinsImmune and inflammatory substancesHistamine (chemical released by injured or infected cells that cause local vasodilation), antibodies (endogenous proteins that combat and identify invading cells and toxins), lymphokines (chemical produced by imune cells), complement, and enzymesMembrane alterations – leakage of cell contents due to the presence of antibodies and histaminesMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.18Injurious Genetic FactorsNuclear alterations – mutations and damage to DNAAlterations in the plasma membrane structure, shape, receptors, or transport mechanismsExamples of genetic diseasesSickle cell anemia (substitution of one amino acid in Hb structure) and muscular dystrophy (muscle tissue does not function properlyMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.19Injurious Nutritional ImbalancesEssential nutrients are required for cells to function normally inadequate proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, mineralsDeficient intake – starvation and improper diets – protein deficiency “kwashiokor” most common, Vitamin B 12 deficiency leads to pernicious anemiaExcessive intake - obesityMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.20Temperature ExtremesHypothermic injurySlows cellular metabolic processesIce crystal formation and frostbiteHyperthermic injuryHeat crampsHeat exhaustionHeatstrokeProtein denaturationMosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.21Atmospheric Pressure ChangesSudden increases or decreases in atmospheric pressureBlast injuryNitrogen Narcosis or rapture of the deep Nitrogen gas has a narcotic effect (laughing gas)Decompression sickness or caisson disease“The bends”Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.22Ionizing RadiationAny form of radiation capable of removing orbital electrons from atoms X-rays, gamma rays, alpha and beta particlesAmount of