patho reviewTrue/FalseIndicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false.____ 1. Eukaryotic cells are characterized by a lack of a distinct nucleus, whereas prokaryotic cells have intracellular compartments bordered by membranes and a well-defined nucleus.____ 2. Lipids and proteins are the major components of the plasma membrane.____ 3. Lysosomes remain fully active by maintaining an acid pH created by pumping hydrogen ions into their interiors.____ 4. The chief function of ribosomes is to provide sites for lipid synthesis.____ 5. If cells are deprived of communication from extracellular chemical messengers, most cells experience apoptosis.____ 6. Non-dividing cells, such as myocardial fibers, are capable of hypertrophy, but not hyperplasia.____ 7. Dysplasia is a common type of normal cellular adaptation.____ 8. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia rarely occur together.____ 9. Noise, illumination, and prolonged vibrations can cause cellular injury.____ 10. Irreversible damage to the myocardium can be detected by elevation in the contractile protein called troponin, which is released from the myocardial muscle.____ 11. Chemical injuries initiate biochemical reactions that damage cell membrane by decreasing the permeability of the plasma membrane.____ 12. Aging is the result of a genetically controlled development program or built-in self-destructive processes.____ 13. Chromosome abnormalities are the leading cause of mental retardation and miscarriages.____ 14. The main function of natural killers cells is recognition and elimination of bacteria.____ 15. The inflammatory response is the body’s first line of defense.____ 16. Neutrophils are involved in activation of the adaptive immune system.____ 17. Several bacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, are resistant to killing by granulocytes and can survive inside macrophages.____ 18. Resolution is best defined as the restoration of original structure and physiologic function.Multiple ChoiceIdentify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.____ 19. Which of the following best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption?a.Cells can produce proteins.b.Cells can secrete digestive enzymes.c.Cells can take in and use nutrients.d.Cells can synthesize fats.____ 20. Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction?a.Lysosomesb.Peroxisomec.Ribosomesd.Oxyhydrosomes____ 21. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell injury?a.Ribosomeb.Golgi complexc.Smooth endoplasmic reticulumd.Lysosomes____ 22. What is the sequence of steps in the development of a digestive enzyme by the pancreas cells from the initial transcription to the release from the cell?a.The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the ribosome for synthesis, and is transported in a secretory vesicle to the cell membrane.b.The enzyme is transcribed from RNA by DNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the lysosome for synthesis, and is transported in a encapsulated membrane to the cell membrane.c.The enzyme is transcribed by the mitochondria in the nucleus, proceeds to the ribosome for synthesis, and is transported in a cytoskeleton to the cell membrane.d.The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the Golgi complex for synthesis, and is transported in a cytosol to the cell membrane.____ 23. Understanding the various steps of proteolytic cascades such as caspase-mediated apoptosis and complement cascade may be useful in designing drug therapy for which human diseases?a.Cardiac and vascular disordersb.Autoimmune and malignant disordersc.Gastrointestinal and renal disordersd.Endocrine disorders____ 24. What prevents water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma membrane?a.Carbohydrate chainsb.Glycoprotein channelsc.Membrane channel proteinsd.Phospholipid bilayer____ 25. Using the fluid mosaic model, how is the cell capable of actively protecting itself against injurious agents?a.By closing down the membrane transport channels to hormones and chemicals.b.By altering the number and patterns of receptors to bacteria, antibodies, and chemicals.c.By increasing the number and sensitivity of lysosomes to destroy bacteria.d.By shifting the bilayer from hydrophobic to hydrophilic in response to antibodies.____ 26. In cirrhosis, how does cholesterol alter the fluidity of the plasma membrane of erythrocytes?a.Cholesterol decreases the membrane fluidity of the erythrocyte, which reduces itsability to carry oxygen.b.Cholesterol decreases the membrane fluidity of erythrocytes, which reduces its ability to carry hemoglobin.c.Cholesterol increases the membrane fluidity of erythrocytes, which allows binding of excess glucose.d.Cholesterol increases the membrane fluidity of erythrocytes, which prolongs it life span beyond 120 days.____ 27. Which form of cell communication is used to communicate within the cell itself and with other cells in direct physical contact?a.Protein channel (gap junction)b.Plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules (involving receptors)c.Hormone secretion such as neurotransmittersd.Extracellular chemical messengers such as ligands____ 28. Which mode of chemical signaling uses local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up, destroyed or immobilized?a.Paracrine signalingb.Autocrine signalingc.Neurotransmitter signalingd.Hormone signaling____ 29. How do cells receive communication from the extracellular fluid surrounding them?a.Protein channel (gap junction)b.Plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules (involving receptors)c.Hormone secretion such as neurotransmittersd.Chemical messengers such as ligands____ 30. When a second message is necessary for extracellular communication to be activated, it is provided by:a.guanosine triphosphate (GTP).b.adenosine monophosphate (AMP).c.adenosine triphosphate (ATP).d.guanosine diphosphate (GDP).____ 31. Why is “osmolality” preferred over “osmolarity” as the measurement of osmotic activity in the clinical assessment of individuals?a.Because plasma contains sodium and chloride, which influence the volume of solutionb.Because the volume affects perfusion more than the weight of solutesc.Because more of the weight of plasma is influenced by solutes, such as protein andglucose, rather than by waterd.Because osmotic activity depends on the concentration of solutes present