I) Standard pattern of affective dynamicsA) Peak of primary affective reaction (almost immediate)B) Adaptation phase1) Affect decreases slightlyC) Negative event followed by a peak negative affective reactionD) Decay of this negative affective reactionII) Opponent process theory of motivationA) Most physiological processes are made to stay close to neutralB) A process: brings you out of homeostasis in one direction1) From neutral to an excited stateC) B process: body’s reaction to bring you back to homeostasis1) Lags after the a process and overshoots homeostasis in the negative directionD) Repeated stimulation1) The B process begins to kick in earlier (almost immediate in extreme cases) and stay active longer over timea) The system seems to be learningb) Explains drug tolerance and withdrawalE) Test Paw-lick experiment1) Rodent on a hot plate2) Latency: after some amount of time the rodent will begin to lick his pawsa) If you inject the rodent with morphine before this test, this latency period is extendedb) The second day, second injection of morphine, the rodent has decreased latency from the first injection but still more than withouti) This continues to decrease until it is no longer usefulF) Marriage1) Consider the partnership with the spouse the drug; perhaps there isn’t much obvious pleasure (because of that B process) but there is a very serious depression if one partner dies or if the relationship failsG) Thrill seeking (skydiving example)1) The A process is actually fear, rather than pleasure2) The B process is pleasurea) Thrill seekers begin to seek out the B processIII) Classical conditioningA) It benefits an animal to habituate to the regular stimuli as well as pick up on the cycles of the environment and pay attention to predictive stimuli that indicate dangerB) Ivan Pavlov1) Russian physiologist who studied digestive physiology in dogs2) Unconditioned stimulus (food) elicits the unconditioned response (saliva)3) Conditioned stimulus (tone) once paired with the unconditioned stimulus (food) will begin to elicit the unconditioned response, which becomes the conditioned responsea) Before conditioning, the conditioned stimulus will not elicit the measured responsei) It may elicit a response that is natural to that stimulus (ex: a tone will cause the dog to look towards the source of the sound, not to salivate)4) Pavlov’s studentsa) S.G. Val’fson: studied natural substances placed in the mouthi) After multiple experiences, the mere sight of these substances elicits salivationb) A.T. Snarskii: studied artificial substances placed in the mouthi) Object learningC) Fear conditioning: acquired fear based on associations and experiences1) Rat examplea) Electric shock which is predicted by some kind of light or tonei) The light or tone begins to elicit freezing behavior (natural defensive response) = stops food level pressing behavior (indicator or normal behavior)b) Suppression ratioi) Measure # of lever presses before the tone and # of lever presses during the presentation of the tone, per unit timeRatio=ii) Suppression ratios come down, indicating learning and association between the tone and shockAcquisition function on a graphiii) First tone-shock trial: Pre CS= 30 LPs, CS= 30 LPs2) Eyeblink conditioninga) CS (tone?) is paired with a small puff of air directed at the eyeb) A naïve animal will blink when the air puff occurs, a trained animal will begin to blink at the onset of the tone (CS) before the puff of airc) Neural activityi) Cerebellum activity3) Terminologya) CS/US: the two are presented in the same session, but at different points in time= no association4) Sign tracking (autoshaping)a) Present a light on a key, deliver food after a few secondsi) Does not have to peck at the key to get the food, but it will still begin to peck at the key after multiple sessions04/17/2012I) Standard pattern of affective dynamicsA) Peak of primary affective reaction (almost immediate)B) Adaptation phase1) Affect decreases slightlyC) Negative event followed by a peak negative affective reactionD) Decay of this negative affective reactionII) Opponent process theory of motivationA) Most physiological processes are made to stay close to neutralB) A process: brings you out of homeostasis in one direction1) From neutral to an excited stateC) B process: body’s reaction to bring you back to homeostasis1) Lags after the a process and overshoots homeostasis in the negative directionD) Repeated stimulation1) The B process begins to kick in earlier (almost immediate in extreme cases) and stay active longer over timea) The system seems to be learningb) Explains drug tolerance and withdrawalE) Test Paw-lick experiment1) Rodent on a hot plate2) Latency: after some amount of time the rodent will begin to lick his pawsa) If you inject the rodent with morphine before this test, this latency period is extendedb) The second day, second injection of morphine, the rodent has decreased latency from the first injection but still more than withouti) This continues to decrease until it is no longer usefulF) Marriage1) Consider the partnership with the spouse the drug; perhaps there isn’t much obvious pleasure (because of that B process) but there isa very serious depression if one partner dies or if the relationship failsG) Thrill seeking (skydiving example)1) The A process is actually fear, rather than pleasure2) The B process is pleasurea) Thrill seekers begin to seek out the B processIII) Classical conditioningA) It benefits an animal to habituate to the regular stimuli as well as pick up on the cycles of the environment and pay attention to predictive stimuli that indicate dangerB) Ivan Pavlov1) Russian physiologist who studied digestive physiology in dogs2) Unconditioned stimulus (food) elicits the unconditioned response (saliva)3) Conditioned stimulus (tone) once paired with the unconditioned stimulus (food) will begin to elicit the unconditioned response, whichbecomes the conditioned responsea) Before conditioning, the conditioned stimulus will not elicit the measured responsei) It may elicit a response that is natural to that stimulus (ex: a tone will cause the dog to look towards the source of the sound, not to salivate)4) Pavlov’s studentsa) S.G. Val’fson: studied natural substances placed in the mouthi) After multiple experiences, the mere sight of these substanceselicits salivationb) A.T. Snarskii: studied artificial substances placed in the mouthi) Object learningC) Fear