I) Learning is documented indirectly by recording changes in behavior of an organismII) ReflexA) Sensory receptor transmits to the neuron to an interneuron out to a motor neuron to a muscleIII) Behavioral systemsA) Behaviors are organized into natural/functional sequencesB) Adapted to solve functional problems1) Feeding behavior system; made up of subsystems, modes, modules, and specific actions involved in feedinga) General search vs. focal search vs. consummatory behaviorIV) Modal Action Pattern (MAP)A) First described by Tinburgen and LorenzB) Describe species-typical behaviorC) Reflexive behaviors organized into functionally effective behavior sequences1) Small variation in timing or style, but the sequence is always the sameD) Evolutionarily important behaviors; instinctiveE) Elicited by a complex array or sequence of stimuli1) Releasing stimulus/ Sign stimulus; real-world stimulus for a behavior2) Supernormal stimulus; drives a response greater than that measured by the real stimulusa) Sexual selection can drive a trait to its extremeb) Industrially produced foodF) Shown in humans as well; cross- cultural1) Mating patternsa) Mirroring, blushing, pupil dilation, slowed respiration2) Interacting with infantsV) Seemingly goal-oriented behaviorA) Kinesis; movement caused by environmental stimulation1) Wood louse moves more in humid environments than in dry ones2) Garden slugs exhibit fast, straight movement in sunlight and slow, turning movement in shadeB) Taxis1) Phototaxisa) Positive: moving towards lightb) Negative: moving away from lightLEARNINGVI) Repeated StimulationA) Habituation effect; smaller and smaller response with each successive punctuated stimulus1) Extremely specifica) Lemon vs. limeB) Dishabituation Effect; recovery of habituated response following presentation of a dishabituation stimulus1) You can habituate crabs to not run away from your shadow hovering over them, but touching them dishabituates the crabs for the next stimulus eventC) Spontaneous recovery from habituation; return to the initial level of response after some period of time in which the stimulus wasn’t presentD) Habituation process1) Somatic reflex (reflex of the body) involves 3 neuronsa) Sensory cell, inter neuron, motor neuronb) Where does the habituation occur? Central nervous systemi) Other processesSensory adaptation: neuron loses its ability to fire (white spot after a bright flash)Muscle fatigue04/10/2012I) Learning is documented indirectly by recording changes in behavior of an organismII) ReflexA) Sensory receptor transmits to the neuron to an interneuron out to a motor neuron to a muscleIII) Behavioral systemsA) Behaviors are organized into natural/functional sequencesB) Adapted to solve functional problems1) Feeding behavior system; made up of subsystems, modes, modules,and specific actions involved in feedinga) General search vs. focal search vs. consummatory behaviorIV) Modal Action Pattern (MAP)A) First described by Tinburgen and LorenzB) Describe species-typical behaviorC) Reflexive behaviors organized into functionally effective behavior sequences1) Small variation in timing or style, but the sequence is always the sameD) Evolutionarily important behaviors; instinctiveE) Elicited by a complex array or sequence of stimuli1) Releasing stimulus/ Sign stimulus; real-world stimulus for a behavior2) Supernormal stimulus; drives a response greater than that measured by the real stimulusa) Sexual selection can drive a trait to its extremeb) Industrially produced foodF) Shown in humans as well; cross- cultural1) Mating patternsa) Mirroring, blushing, pupil dilation, slowed respiration2) Interacting with infantsV) Seemingly goal-oriented behaviorA) Kinesis; movement caused by environmental stimulation 1) Wood louse moves more in humid environments than in dry ones2) Garden slugs exhibit fast, straight movement in sunlight and slow, turning movement in shadeB) Taxis1) Phototaxisa) Positive: moving towards lightb) Negative: moving away from lightLEARNINGVI) Repeated StimulationA) Habituation effect; smaller and smaller response with each successive punctuated stimulus 1) Extremely specifica) Lemon vs. lime B) Dishabituation Effect; recovery of habituated response following presentation of a dishabituation stimulus1) You can habituate crabs to not run away from your shadow hoveringover them, but touching them dishabituates the crabs for the next stimulus eventC) Spontaneous recovery from habituation; return to the initial level of response after some period of time in which the stimulus wasn’t presentD) Habituation process1) Somatic reflex (reflex of the body) involves 3 neuronsa) Sensory cell, inter neuron, motor neuronb) Where does the habituation occur? Central nervous systemi) Other processes-Sensory adaptation: neuron loses its ability to fire (white spot after a bright flash)-Muscle