I) Properties of habituationA) Short-term habituation1) Decrease in response strength that occurs rapidly because of repeated stimulationB) Spontaneous recovery1) Increase in response strength (relative to levels after short-term habituation) after a resting perioda) Response strength is probably still lower than the first stimulation in the first sessionb) Resting period must be proportionately greater than Interstimulus intervalsC) Long-term habituation1) Pattern of decreased response strength after several stimulus sessions with resting periods in between2) Indicator that rules out fatigue and sensory adaptationD) Rate of habituation is faster for shorter interstimulus intervalsE) Rate of habituation is faster for weaker stimuli1) Study with infantsa) Complex display initially creates an increase in response strength (in this case, looking time) followed by a normal habituation pattern2) Good indicator the rules out fatigue and sensory adaptationa) A stronger stimulus would be more effective at fatiguing muscles or overloading the sensesF) Below zero habituation1) Has to do with learning/performance distinction2) Extra presentations of a stimulus create a habituation that is more resistant to spontaneous recoverya) From a performance perspective, two groups may be habituated to the same level- but the group which received more stimulus presentations will have learned3) Indicator that rules out fatigue and sensory adaptationa) Additional presentations of a stimulus shouldn’t have any effect on a fatigued muscle or sensory nerve, the fact that they do (by creating a resistance to spontaneous recovery) indicates true habituation/learningG) Habituation is stimulus specific1) If you present a novel stimulus to the test subject, the response strength will be increased relative to the original stimulusa) Amount of increase is related to the similarity of the novel stimulus to the habituated stimulusH) Dishabituation1) The presentation of a novel stimulus dishabituates the original stimulus2) Indicator that rules out fatigue and sensory adaptationa) No dishabituation stimulus could quicken the process of recovering from fatigue or sensory adaptationI) Habituation of dishabituation1) The repeated presentation of the dishabituating stimulus will begin to produce lower levels of dishabituationII) SensitizationA) Increased responsiveness as a result of exposure to a stimulus1) Aplysia who receive a small electric shock to the tail will display an increase in response strength to a touch to the siphona) More shocks = higher response strengthi) Be careful to avoid habituation to the sensitization stimulus!2) Infant examplea) Did the more complex stimulus sensitize the infant for itself?B) Characterized by broad generalization across stimuli1) Following exposure to a cutaneous pain, rats’ reactivity to a wide range of auditory stimuli is increased2) Audience watching suspense film more responsive to sudden onset of external stimuliC) Sensitization can be thought of as “arousal”D) More central brain processes1) Brain structures involved in processing emotional content2) Many sensory modalities converginga) Broad set of responsesIII) Repeated simulation can produce either habituation or sensitizationA) Interaction between the stimulus being habituated and the arousal produced by the background noiseB) Function1) Habituation effects allow individuals to direct limited attentional resources elsewhere2) Sensitization effects attract individualsIV) Process locations in the brainA) S-R system: habituation occurs in a reflex arcB) State system: sensitization occurs more centrally in the nervous system, in the system that determines general responsivenessV) Dual process theoryA) Two underlying processes exist1) Habituation2) SensitizationB) Observed behavior is the sum of both1) Habituation effect > sensitization effect = habituation2) Habituation effect < sensitization effect = sensitizationVI) Affective Dynamics PatternA) Intense positive affect followed by an adaptation phase where affect is still positive, but less intenseB) This level remains steady until some event drops the affect into the negative spectrum1) Loss of a favorite toy or loved oneC) Negative affect decays over time and the individual returns to baseline04/12/2012I) Properties of habituationA) Short-term habituation1) Decrease in response strength that occurs rapidly because of repeated stimulationB) Spontaneous recovery1) Increase in response strength (relative to levels after short-term habituation) after a resting perioda) Response strength is probably still lower than the first stimulation in the first sessionb) Resting period must be proportionately greater than Interstimulus intervalsC) Long-term habituation1) Pattern of decreased response strength after several stimulus sessions with resting periods in between2) Indicator that rules out fatigue and sensory adaptationD) Rate of habituation is faster for shorter interstimulus intervalsE) Rate of habituation is faster for weaker stimuli1) Study with infantsa) Complex display initially creates an increase in response strength(in this case, looking time) followed by a normal habituation pattern2) Good indicator the rules out fatigue and sensory adaptationa) A stronger stimulus would be more effective at fatiguing musclesor overloading the sensesF) Below zero habituation1) Has to do with learning/performance distinction2) Extra presentations of a stimulus create a habituation that is more resistant to spontaneous recoverya) From a performance perspective, two groups may be habituated to the same level- but the group which received more stimulus presentations will have learned3) Indicator that rules out fatigue and sensory adaptationa) Additional presentations of a stimulus shouldn’t have any effect on a fatigued muscle or sensory nerve, the fact that they do (by creating a resistance to spontaneous recovery) indicates true habituation/learningG) Habituation is stimulus specific1) If you present a novel stimulus to the test subject, the response strength will be increased relative to the original stimulusa) Amount of increase is related to the similarity of the novel stimulus to the habituated stimulusH) Dishabituation1) The presentation of a novel stimulus dishabituates the original stimulus2) Indicator that rules out fatigue and sensory adaptationa) No dishabituation stimulus could quicken the process of recovering from fatigue or sensory adaptationI) Habituation of