04 17 2012 I Standard pattern of affective dynamics A Peak of primary affective reaction almost immediate B Adaptation phase 1 Affect decreases slightly C Negative event followed by a peak negative affective reaction D Decay of this negative affective reaction II Opponent process theory of motivation A Most physiological processes are made to stay close to neutral B A process brings you out of homeostasis in one direction 1 From neutral to an excited state C B process body s reaction to bring you back to homeostasis 1 Lags after the a process and overshoots homeostasis in the negative direction D Repeated stimulation 1 The B process begins to kick in earlier almost immediate in extreme cases and stay active longer over time a The system seems to be learning b Explains drug tolerance and withdrawal E Test Paw lick experiment 1 Rodent on a hot plate 2 Latency after some amount of time the rodent will begin to lick his paws a If you inject the rodent with morphine before this test this latency period is extended b The second day second injection of morphine the rodent has decreased latency from the first injection but still more than without i This continues to decrease until it is no longer useful F Marriage 1 Consider the partnership with the spouse the drug perhaps there isn t much obvious pleasure because of that B process but there is a very serious depression if one partner dies or if the relationship fails G Thrill seeking skydiving example 1 The A process is actually fear rather than pleasure 2 The B process is pleasure a Thrill seekers begin to seek out the B process III Classical conditioning A It benefits an animal to habituate to the regular stimuli as well as pick up on the cycles of the environment and pay attention to predictive stimuli that indicate danger B Ivan Pavlov 1 Russian physiologist who studied digestive physiology in dogs 2 Unconditioned stimulus food elicits the unconditioned response saliva 3 Conditioned stimulus tone once paired with the unconditioned stimulus food will begin to elicit the unconditioned response which becomes the conditioned response a Before conditioning the conditioned stimulus will not elicit the measured response i It may elicit a response that is natural to that stimulus ex a tone will cause the dog to look towards the source of the sound not to salivate 4 Pavlov s students a S G Val fson studied natural substances placed in the mouth i After multiple experiences the mere sight of these substances elicits salivation b A T Snarskii studied artificial substances placed in the mouth i Object learning C Fear conditioning acquired fear based on associations and experiences 1 Rat example a Electric shock which is predicted by some kind of light or tone i The light or tone begins to elicit freezing behavior natural defensive response stops food level pressing behavior indicator or normal behavior b Suppression ratio i Measure of lever presses before the tone and of lever presses during the presentation of the tone per unit time Ratio ii Suppression ratios come down indicating learning and association between the tone and shock Acquisition function on a graph iii First tone shock trial Pre CS 30 LPs CS 30 LPs 2 Eyeblink conditioning a CS tone is paired with a small puff of air directed at the eye b A na ve animal will blink when the air puff occurs a trained animal will begin to blink at the onset of the tone CS before the puff of air c Neural activity i Cerebellum activity 3 Terminology a CS US the two are presented in the same session but at different points in time no association 4 Sign tracking autoshaping a Present a light on a key deliver food after a few seconds i Does not have to peck at the key to get the food but it will still begin to peck at the key after multiple sessions