THAR 281 Exam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 7- 9Lecture 7 (October 1) 18th Century Theatre – The Age of Enlightenment18th century drama placed on emphasis on what? Who was Denis Diderot? Define Drame. What is Ballad and Comic Opera? What was the Storm and Stress movement? Who were the Bibienas? - 18th Century Drama placed emphasis on sentimentality. Most drama’s at this time focused on morality and moral optimism.- Denis Diderot was a French philosopher who felt that the way actors moved and acted wasn’t believable or natural. He created Drame.- Drame: a type of drama that is serious, and doesn’t adhere to neoclassical rules. - Ballad Opera: From England, spoken dialogue with songs, no sung dialogue. Songs were set to contemporary melodies- this made them popular, because the audience could sing along! Had middle and lower class characters, was satirical.- Comic Opera: From France, no sung dialogue, the songs wer set to contemporary melodies. Characters inspired by Commedia dell arte. Satirical, and first developed as an outdoor fairground type of performance.- Storm and Stress Movement: late 18th century, a group of people who did something different, it was the forerunner to romanticism.- The Bibienas: The bibiena family worked designing scenery for the stage over 100 yrs. They used Baroque art and created ornate designs, drew scenery, and had stage innovations: rooms, silk screens for creating mood, colored light, etc…Lecture 8 (October 8) Romanticism and Melodrama List and define the basic principles of romanticism. Who was Ira Aldridge? Who was Sara Bernhardt? Define melodrama. List the characteristics of the Well Made play.- Basic Romanticism Principles:o -There is a higher truth creation from an absolute being- some kind of greater power out there.o -If everything is created from the same absolute being, everything has a commonorigin, the study of any one part can reveal truths about the whole. Ex: if god created everyone, we all have something in common, if you study part of us, you will learn more about us as a whole.o -man vs. nature, duality of all things, evil vs. good. Physical vs. spiritual, chemical vs. eternalo -artists and philosophers are more creative than everyone else, and only ones who really get it and understand, most people don’t understand them.Ira Aldridge: At the time the most famous African American Actor, European star in England.Sara Bernhardt: The ideal actress, huge melodrama star, had rumors surroundingher saying she was eccentric and odd, and slept in a coffin.The Well Made Play:Precursor to modern day realism Emphasizes carefully crafted dramatic structure Explains what you need to know to understand, each opening act includes all necessary exposition. Each act builds on the previous one Resolution leaves not unanswered questionsRising Action Falling ActionLecture 9 (October 10)REALISMWhat is realism? Who is considered to be the founder of modern realism? List examples of the changes that occurred in drama with the emergence of realism. Who was Heinrik Ibsen? Who was George Bernard Shaw? Who was Anton Chekhov? What was naturalism? Who was Konstantin Stanislavski?- Realism: The “World is mirrored in Theatre”- the goal of realism? To convince the audience that theatre is real and stage action represents everyday life.- Founder of Realism: Heinrik Ibsen- Heinrik Ibsen: founder of realism, who wrote A Doll’s House.- Emergence of Realism: o No subject matter off limits: can put everything in plays!!!o Refused to make moral judgments- it’s not always right or wrong in real life.o Didn’t believe in the necessity of neat resolutions- nothing has to be resolved peacefullyo Realists believed in using drama as a means of calling attention to social issues-  Why? In hopes to instigate social change.ClimaxDenouementExposition Drama as a means of bringing about social changeCharacters in Realism:o NO stock characters!o Complicated personalitieso Characters shaped by heredity and environment: idea, we all become who we are because of where we came from and how we lived.- George Bernard Shaw: believed drama should inspire social reform, wrote primarily comedies, famous for Pygmalion, Nobel Prize winner for Literature.- Anton Chekhov: Originally a physician, Russian, wrote The Cherry Orchard. Interwined comedy and tragedy to make tragic comedy.- Naturalism: “slice of life” theatre, drama where you could literally cut out a chunk of lifeand recreate into a play. EXTREME realism, same ideals, short lived.- Konstantin Stanislavski: created Stanislavski System of Acting, the first system for training actors to develop true to life characters on