PSY 4500- Cognitive Psychology- Study questionsInstructions: Hopefully, these questions will be helpful as a guide to the course, and will give you a sense of what is most important. On occasion, some of these questions will appear in the exam. Most often, the exam questions will be a variation of these questions, but notan exact replica. I might also ask a few things not covered in this list of questions. This list should be complemented with the homework questions you completed for the labs.To help you further, I’ve marked where you can find the answers to many of thesequestions. When the question is drawn mostly from the lecture, you will notice a (L) at the end of it. When the question was not discussed in lecture but is covered in Reisberg’s book, there will be a (R). When the question was discussed in the videos, there will be a (V). If nothing is marked, the question is covered in more than one of these three sources.In class, I have often asked for your intuition. In exams, you should be able to provideexamples from the scientific literature reviewed in class and in the book. As a rule of thumb, refrain from arguing based on your own intuition unless you are explicitly asked to. Whenever asked to provide an example, be prepared to offer an example other than the ones discussed in class and/or the textbook.Many questions ask to describe experiments for testing certain hypotheses. As a general rule, that description should include the design of the experiment, a graph the hypothesized results, and an interpretation of such results. The experimental design should include the independent variable/s (and levels), the dependent variable/s is, and whenever relevant, whether it is a within- or a between-subjects design. A. Introduction to Cognition: History: introspectionism, behaviorism, cognitive psychologyFunctional Models: The black box, the jukebox, the mind box. ‘Abstract representations’ are central to functional models of the mind. Memory search as an example of a functional model (Sternberg). Competing hypotheses. 1. Describe 2 problems of making scientific inferences based on introspectionism. Provide an example.2. How did Behaviorists attempt to solve the problems of introspectionism? What was thebasic model Behaviorists used to represent the mind? What does this approach choose to ignore and why? 3. Name two shortcomings of behaviorism. 4. Describe one critical finding from language research that demonstrates the relevance ofmental events, and thus challenges the behaviorist assumptions.5. Describe a finding from attention research that illustrates the role of top-down modulation in perception. How does this finding challenge the behaviorist tradition?6. Describe a finding from animal research that supports the existence of mental representations and thus challenges the behaviorist tradition (hint: Tolman’s studies of maze learning; behavior of bees).B. Methods1. What is the logic of double dissociation? Give one example of the evidence supporting a double dissociation of two cognitive processes. 2. Explain the subtractive method, and provide an example from a scientific experiment. 3. Explain the logic of interference in dual task performance4. Explain the additive factor method. Describe the four components of information processing in Sternberg’s memory task. For each stage, name an experimental manipulation that modulates response