I am posting power point presentations with notes included, because some of you might find them useful. Please beware that unlike the Slides they go with, these notes are NOT an official part of the course material, but rather they are notes to the self. Thus, they may contain errors, be unclear to follow, etc.Cognitive Psychology 4500 Spring 2010Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Visual AttentionSlide 7A memory testSlide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 15How to investigate Perception & CognitionSlide 17Slide 18Classical ConditioningBehaviorismAssets of BehaviorismProblems with BehaviorismExamplesSlide 24Slide 25Cognitive Maps in Bees, von Frisch 1967Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Instead of relying on intuition, we should measure behaviorSlide 33Slide 34Class activityI am posting power point presentations with notes I am posting power point presentations with notes included, because some of you might find them useful. included, because some of you might find them useful. Please beware that unlike the Slides they go with, these Please beware that unlike the Slides they go with, these notes are NOT an official part of the course material, but notes are NOT an official part of the course material, but rather they are notes to the self. Thus, they may contain rather they are notes to the self. Thus, they may contain errors, be unclear to follow, etc. errors, be unclear to follow, etc. DISCLAIMER read this!!Cognitive Psychology 4500 Cognitive Psychology 4500 Spring 2010Spring 2010Section 1: MWSection 1: MWSection 2: MFSection 2: MFDr. Diego Fernandez DuqueDr. Diego Fernandez DuqueToday’s take-home messageToday’s take-home message psychology psychology seemsseems intuitive intuitive (unlike (unlike chemistry)chemistry) but our but our intuitions are often wrongintuitions are often wrong rather than relying only on intuition, rather than relying only on intuition, we should apply the scientific method we should apply the scientific method (like we do in chemistry)(like we do in chemistry)Which center circle seems larger?Visual Illusions: Sometimes we misperceive realityVisual AttentionVisual Attention Basketball taskBasketball taskChange BlindnessChange Blindness Although we Although we believebelieve that we have a complete and that we have a complete and detailed visual representation of the outside world, detailed visual representation of the outside world, studies on visual attention tell us otherwisestudies on visual attention tell us otherwiseour perception is constrained by our our perception is constrained by our knowledgeknowledge… sometimes multiple meanings exist (ambiguous figure)A memory testA memory test•Listen carefully to the list of words but don’t Listen carefully to the list of words but don’t write them downwrite them down•When the list ends, count backward ‘by When the list ends, count backward ‘by threes’ starting at ‘42’ (39, 36, etc.)threes’ starting at ‘42’ (39, 36, etc.)•When you get to ‘0’, write down all the When you get to ‘0’, write down all the words you recallwords you recallsourcandysugarbittergoodtastetoothnicehoneysodachocolateheartcaketartpieSometimes we misremember realityBased on your gut feelings, quickly write down: 1. Your six FAVORITE letters2. Your six LEAST FAVORITE lettersLook over each list and circle all of the letters that occur in your own first name. Count the number of circled letters in each list. Which list included more of theletters from your own first name?? Sometimes our choices are influenced by things other than the ones we believe are causing themThe Wason Card Selection TaskA F 6 7If a card has a vowel on one side, it has an even number on the other side.Which cards should be turned over to determined whether this rule is being followed?A F 6 7The correct answer:Most people select A and 6 to test the ‘if and only if’ Confirmation bias: We fail to truly test our beliefs14 Sometimes intuition is rightSometimes intuition is right–When ‘silently’ rehearsing a phone When ‘silently’ rehearsing a phone number, we use the brain speech areas. number, we use the brain speech areas.  but other times, it is notbut other times, it is notIn sumIn sum, psychology , psychology seemsseems intuitive intuitive (unlike (unlike chemistry)chemistry) but intuitions are often wrongbut intuitions are often wrong–We mis-perceive (visual illusions)We mis-perceive (visual illusions)–We mis-remember (memory illusions)We mis-remember (memory illusions)–We are mis-guided (unconscious influences)We are mis-guided (unconscious influences)–We fail to check conclusions (poor reasoning)We fail to check conclusions (poor reasoning) we shouldn’t rely only on intuition.we shouldn’t rely only on intuition. we should apply the scientific method we should apply the scientific method (like we do in chemistry): SYSTEMATIC (like we do in chemistry): SYSTEMATICHow to investigate Perception & How to investigate Perception & CognitionCognitionAsk your subjects (Introspectionism)Ask your subjects (Introspectionism)First-Person Privileged AccessFirst-Person Privileged Access- before you ask, train your subjects- before you ask, train your subjectsShortcomings of Introspectionism:Shortcomings of Introspectionism:–It provides access to It provides access to productsproducts of thinking, rather of thinking, rather than the than the processesprocesses that underlie it. that underlie it.–It relies on It relies on conscious reportconscious report: Many interesting : Many interesting mental events are unconscious (e.g. memory mental events are unconscious (e.g. memory retrieval, or visual processes that lead to perceptual retrieval, or visual processes that lead to perceptual illusionsillusions).).Edward Titchener(1867-1927)How to investigate Perception & How to investigate Perception & CognitionCognitionAsk your subjects (Introspectionism, Ask your subjects (Introspectionism, 1900s)1900s)Look at S-R patterns (Behaviorism, ’40s)- Restricts psychology to truly objective, observable data - Reaction against InstrospectionismBehaviorismStimulusResponseStudy stimulus-response relations, but do NOT attempt to understand unobservable mental processes Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)Classical ConditioningClassical ConditioningNeutral stimulus becomes associated Neutral stimulus becomes