User-Centered Design and DevelopmentCopyright Notice484-W05 QuarterChapter 2Chapter OverviewMotivationObjectivesUnderstanding and conceptualizing interactionRecapUnderstanding the problem spaceA framework for analysing the problem spaceActivity Theme: TV GourmetAn exampleAssumptions: realistic or wish-list?From problem space to design spaceConceptual modelActivity: Conceptual ModelActivity: Mis-Conceptual ModelFirst steps in formulating a conceptual modelConceptual modelsConceptual models based on activities1. Giving instructions2. ConversingPros and cons of conversational modelPowerPoint Presentation3. Manipulating and navigatingCore principles of DMWhy are DM interfaces so enjoyable?What are the disadvantages with DM?4. Exploring and browsingConceptual models based on objectsLookahead: MetaphorsSlide 33Another classic: the spreadsheet (Bricklin)Which conceptual model is best?Hybrid conceptual modelsActivity: Conceptual Model ShowdownEvaluation of ModelsInterface metaphorsBenefits of interface metaphorsProblems with interface metaphorsActivity: Metaphors beyond the DesktopMetaphors vs. IconsConceptual models: from interaction mode to styleMany kinds of interaction styles available…Interacting via GPRS enabled cell phone…Making art by recording where walking in a cityWhich interaction style to choose?Interaction paradigmsExamples of new paradigmsTwo examples: BlueEyes (IBM) and Cooltown (HP)Activity: TV GourmetPaper TV GuideVideo RecorderIntelligent Video RecorderActivity: From Video Player to Music PlayerActivity cont.: Re-using Conceptual ModelsSummary pointsUser-Centered Design and Development Instructor: Franz J. KurfessComputer Science Dept.Cal Poly San Luis ObispoFJK 2005Copyright Notice•These slides are a revised version of the originals provided with the book “Interaction Design” by Jennifer Preece, Yvonne Rogers, and Helen Sharp, Wiley, 2002.•I added some material, made some minor modifications, and created a custom show to select a subset.–Slides added or modified by me are marked with my initials (FJK), unless I forgot it …FJK 2005484-W05 Quarter•The slides I use in class are in the Custom Show “484-W05”. It is a subset of the whole collection in this file.Chapter 2Understanding User InteractionChapter Overview•Problem space•Conceptual models•Interface metaphors•Interaction paradigms•Conceptual models and physical designFJK 2005Motivation•Good intentions are not sufficient to develop good user interfaces.•It is important to understand the background, tasks, mind set, and experiences of users.•Carefully considering the interactions of the user with the system before they are committed to code offers the flexibility to discard ideas and approaches that don’t work.FJK 2005Objectives•Understand the terms problem space and conceptual model.•Use them to develop abstract descriptions of interactions.•Identify mappings between the abstract descriptions and the methods and techniques available for implementation.•Evaluate advantages and problems of various approaches to such mappings.FJK 2005Understanding and conceptualizing interactionRecap•HCI has moved beyond designing interfaces for desktop machines•About extending and supporting all manner of human activities in all manner of places•Facilitating user experiences through designing interactions•Make work effective, efficient and safer•Improve and enhance learning and training•Provide enjoyable and exciting entertainment•Enhance communication and understanding•Support new forms of creativity and expressionUnderstanding the problem space–What do you want to create?–What are your assumptions?–Will it achieve what you hope it will?A framework for analysing the problem space•Are there problems with an existing product?•Why do you think there are problems?•Why do you think your proposed ideas might be useful?•How would you see people using it with their current way of doing things?•How will it support people in their activities?•Will it really help them?Activity Theme: TV Gourmet•Only watch shows you are really interested in•Critical user needs–aspects that are important to all or most users•Constraints–conceptual–technological–environmentFJK 2005An example•What were the assumptions made by cell phone companies when developing WAP services?•Was it a solution looking for a problem?Assumptions: realistic or wish-list?•People want to be kept informed of up-to-date news wherever they are - reasonable•People want to interact with information on the move - reasonable•People are happy using a very small display and using an extremely restricted interface - not reasonable•People will be happy doing things on a cell phone that they normally do on their PCs (e.g. surf the web, read email, shop, bet, play video games) - reasonable only for a very select bunch of usersFrom problem space to design space•Having a good understanding of the problem space can help inform the design space–e.g. what kind of interface, behavior, functionality to provide•But before deciding upon these it is important to develop a conceptual modelConceptual model•How will the system appear to users? –Internalized understanding of how the system works.–May not correspond to the actual design of the system.•A conceptual model is a high level description of:–“the proposed system in terms of a set of integrated ideas and concepts about what it should do, behave and look like, that will be understandable by the users in the manner intended”FJK 2005Activity: Conceptual Model•What is your conceptual model of a video recorder (not video player)?–Do you believe it is close to the actual design of such a system?–Do you know people who have an “interesting” conceptual model of a video recorder?FJK 2005Activity: Mis-Conceptual Model•Do you know examples of systems or devices for which some people have incorrect conceptual models?–This does not necessarily mean that those people are stupid!–Conceptual models should be largely independent of the actual technology used in the implementation of the system.FJK 2005First steps in formulating a conceptual model•What will the users be doing when carrying out their tasks?•How will the system support these?•What kind of interface metaphor, if any, will be appropriate?•What kinds of interaction modes and styles to use? Always keep in mind when making design decisions how the user will