User-Centered Design and DevelopmentCopyright Notice484-W05 QuarterChapter 4Chapter OverviewMotivationObjectivesSocial aspects of HCI: designing for collaboration and communicationOverviewConversationActivity: Conversing with MachinesActivity: Computer Support for ConversationsConversation with othersConversational rulesMore conversational rulesBreakdowns in conversationWhat happens in technology-mediated conversations?Design implicationsSynchronous computer-mediated communicationWill video be a success using G3 mobile phones?Asynchronous communicationNew communication technologiesCollaborative virtual environmentsVideoWindow system (Bellcore, 1989)Findings of how VideoWindow System was usedHypermirror (Morikawa and Maesako, 1998)Creating personal space in HypermirrorEveryone happyAwareness of othersDesigning technologies to support greater awarenessClearboard (Ishii et al, 1993)Portholes (Xerox PARC)Notification systemsTickertape (Segall and Arnold, 1997)Babble (IBM, Erickson et al, 1999)Key pointsUser-Centered Design and Development Instructor: Franz J. KurfessComputer Science Dept.Cal Poly San Luis ObispoFJK 2005Copyright Notice•These slides are a revised version of the originals provided with the book “Interaction Design” by Jennifer Preece, Yvonne Rogers, and Helen Sharp, Wiley, 2002.•I added some material, made some minor modifications, and created a custom show to select a subset.–Slides added or modified by me are marked with my initials (FJK), unless I forgot it …FJK 2005484-W05 Quarter•The slides I use in class are in the Custom Show “484-W05”. It is a subset of the whole collection in this file.•Since the time for lectures in week 3 is very short, I’m using only a very small subset from this chapter.Chapter 4Designing for Collaboration and CommunicationChapter Overview•Social mechanisms for communication and collaboration–conversation–coordination–awareness•Ethnographical aspects•Conceptual frameworksFJK 2005FJK 2005Motivation•Many activities involve communication or collaboration with other people.•System design can discourage or support these activities.•Computer support can enhance communication and collaboration.•Better communication and collaboration can be very rewarding–for people, collectively or individually–for organizations.FJK 2005Objectives•Become familiar with social mechanisms for communication and collaboration.•Analyze tasks and processes with respect to collaboration and communication.•Be aware of potential ethnographic aspects.•Integrate appropriate communication and collaboration mechanisms into systems to improve interaction design.Social aspects of HCI:designing for collaboration and communicationOverview•Conversation with others•Awareness of others•How to support people to be able to:–talk and socialise–work together–play and learn togetherFJK 2005Conversation•Structured exchange of information among a small group of people–frequently two persons–usually turn-taking–coherent flow of information–usually synchronous•Natural language-based–not exclusively, however•additional auditory information•explicit visual cues •“body language” (implicit visual cues)•Conversational Rules–mostly social conventions to make conversations go smoothlyFJK 2005Activity: Conversing with Machines•identify a suitable interaction between a user and a system, and analyze it from a conversational perspective–communication medium •sound, writing, buttons, …–language•natural vs. artificial, restricted vs. unrestricted–rules and conventions•social (“acceptable behavior”)•legal•technicalFJK 2005Activity: Computer Support for Conversations•identify a conversation between humans, and examine potential areas where computers can be used to improve aspects of the conversation–communication medium •sound, writing, diagrams, …–language•natural vs. artificial, restricted vs. unrestricted•mismatch in terminology–rules and conventions•social (“acceptable behavior”)•legal (contracts, agreements)•technical (processes)Conversation with others •Various mechanisms and ‘rules’ we follow to hold a conversation–mutual greetingsA: Hi thereB: Hi!C: HiA: All right?C: Good, How’s it going?A: Fine, how are you?C: OKB: So-so. How’s life treating you?Conversational rules•turn-taking to coordinate conversation–A: Shall we meet at 8?–B: Um, can we meet a bit later?–A: Shall we meet at 8?–B: Wow, look at him?–A: Yes what a funny hairdo!–B: Um, can we meet a bit later?•Back channeling to signal to continue and following–Uh-uh, umm, ahhMore conversational rules•farewell rituals–Bye then, see you, yer bye, see you later….•implicit and explicit cues–e.g. looking at watch, fidgeting with coat and bags –explicitly saying “Oh dear, must go, look at the time, I’m late…”Breakdowns in conversation•When someone says something that is misunderstood–Speaker will repeat with emphasis:A: “this one?”B: “no, I meant that one!”–Also use tokens:Eh? Quoi? Huh? What?What happens in technology-mediated conversations?•Do same conversational rules apply?•Are there more breakdowns?•How do people repair them?–Phone?–Email?–Instant messaging–SMS texting?Design implications•How to support conversations when people are ‘at a distance’ from each other•Many applications have been developed–Email, videoconferencing, videophones, computer conferencing, instant messaging, chatrooms, collaborative virtual environments, media spaces•How effective are they?•Do they mimic or extend existing ways of conversing?Synchronous computer-mediated communication•Conversations are supported in real-time through voice and/or typing•Examples include video conferencing and chatrooms•Benefits–Can keep more informed of what is going on –Video conferencing allows everyone to see each other providing some support for non-verbal communication–Chatrooms can provide a forum for shy people to talk more•Problems:–Video lacks bandwidth so judders and lots of shadows–Difficult to establish eye contact with images of others–People can behave badly when behind the mask of an avatarWill video be a success using G3 mobile phones?• Will the judder, sudden jerks and shadowsdisappear?• Will it be possible to establish eye contactand read lips on such a small image?• Will people find it socially acceptable totalk