Kin325 Anatomical KinesiologyExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 8**Bone features should be recognized but mainly to recognize where muscles have an origin and insertion.**Lower Extremities: Hip Bone (innominate bone)ILIUM -Wing or ala -iliac fossa-Iliac crest-anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)-posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)-anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)-Greater sciatic notchISCHIUM-greater sciatic notch-ischial spine-lesser sciatic notch-tuberosity of the ischium (ischial tuberosity)-ischial ramusPUBIS -Superior ramus -medial or symphyseal border/surface -Inferior ramus-Acetabulum -Obturator foramenFEMUR -head-neck-greater trochanter-lesser trochanter-posterior border, also called the linea aspera-lateral supracondylar line-medial supracondylar line-popliteal surface-lateral condyle-lateral epicondyle-medial condyle-medial epicondyle-adductor tubercle-patellar surfacePATELLA -Apex-Base-Anterior surface-Posterior surface-Medial facet -Lateral facetTIBIA -medial condyle -lateral condyle -Gerdy’s tubercle/tubercle of the lateral condyle (this is difficult to identify on theplastic bones, but is easily felt on your own tibia.)-fibular articular surface (facet for fibula)-intercondylar eminence-tibial tuberosity -soleal line -anterior surface-lateral border/interosseous border-medial malleolus-malleolar articular facet (for articulation with talus)-inferior articular surface (for articulation with talus)-fibular notchFIBULA -Head-Interosseous border-Lateral malleolus-Malleolar articular facetTALUS-Head-BodyCALCANEUS (heel)-Sustentaculum tali - This is a knob that extends medially from the bone.CUBOID-Peroneal sulcus (a groove for the tendon of the fibularis longus muscle)NAVICULAR -Tuberosity of the navicular bone. This may occasionally ossify independently of the remainder of the bone, in which case it is called an accessory navicular bone.MEDIAL, INTERMEDIATE, AND LATERAL CUNEIFORM BONES. These are also called cuneiform bones 1 (medial), 2 (intermediate) and 3 (lateral).METATARSAL BONES -base-shaft -headPHALANGES -base-shaft -headSESAMOID BONES : Sesamoid bones are among the smallest bones in the body and develop within tendons or ligaments. They occur constantly in some areas - the patella is the best example of a constantly occurring sesamoid bone - but their frequency varies considerably in other locations. Some sesamoid bones, such as the patella, contribute to the mechanical advantage of their parent muscles.**Review all the muscle Origins, Insertions, Actions, and Nerves! This is necessary to recognize the correct function of the muscles during the exam.**HIPHip Joint Movements: **All highlighted information should be well understood!!**-Flexion: anterior movement of femur in the sagittal plane-Extension: posterior movement of femur in the sagittal plane-Abduction: lateral movement of femur in the frontal plane-Adduction: medial movement of femur in the frontal plane-Internal rotation: rotation of femur so anterior surface faces medially in the transverse plane-External rotation: rotation of femur so anterior surface faces laterally in the transverse planeAll these movements are “open chain” motions, in which the pelvis is fixed while the femur moves. “Closed chain” movements at the hip occur with a fixed femur while the pelvis moves. Functionally, the most important closed chain movement at the hip is elevation of the opposite side of the pelvis. This allows the pelvis to stay level when one limb is off the ground.Ligaments: (all limit extension)-Iliofemoral ligament (“Y” ligament)-Ischiofemoral ligament-Pubofemoral ligamentMusclesMuscles that act at the hip joint are located in the pelvis (on the posterior abdominal wall), in the thigh and in the gluteal region. Posterior abdominal wall muscles must be seen inside the pelvis, beneath the abdominal contents. Thigh muscles can be organized into 3 groups; most (not all!) muscles in each group are innervated by a single nerve:Anterior thigh: Femoral NerveMedial thigh: Obturator NervePosterior thigh: Tibial NervePosterior Abdominal Wall:-ILIACUSOrigin: Iliac fossa & iliac crestInsertion: lesser trochanter of the femurInnervation: Femoral NerveAction: Hip flexion-PSOAS MAJOROrigin: transverse processes and sides of the bodies of the lumbar vertebrae and lumbar intervertebral discsInsertion: Lesser trochanter of the femurInnervation: Nerve to Psoas majorAction: Hip Flexion(Iliacus and psoas major share a common insertion and are often referred to as if they were an individual muscle, the “iliopsoas.”)Psoas Minor: (absent in ~ 50% of the general population.)Origin: T12 and L1 sides of body of vertebraeInsertion: Iliopubic eminenceInnervation: L1 nerve rootAction: upward rotation/tilt/elevation of pelvisAnterior Thigh-TENSOR FASCIA LATA(E) (TFL)Origin: Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS) and iliac crestInsertion: Iliotibial tract/band (IT Band)Innervation: Superior gluteal NerveAction: Hip flexion, Hip ABDuction, Hip internal rotation-SARTORIUSOrigin: ASISInsertion: Proximal, anterior, and medial aspect of tibia (Pes Anserine insertion)Innervation: Femoral NerveAction: Hip flexion, hip ABDuction, hip external rotation; Knee flexion, knee internal rotation-QUADRICEPS FEMORISOrigin: -Rectus Femoris: Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) and acetabulum-Vastus Lateralis: Lateral lip of linea aspera & lateral intertrochanteric line-Vastus Medialis: Medial lip of linea aspera & medial intertrochanteric line-Vastus intermedius – Anterior proximal shaft of femurInsertion: Tibial tuberosity via patellar tendonInnervation: Femoral NerveAction: Hip flexion (Rectus femoris only!), Knee extensionMedial Thigh-GRACILISOrigin: Inferior pubic ramus, ramus of ischiumInsertion: Pes Anserine insertionInnervation: Obturator NerveAction: Hip ADDuction, Knee flexion, Knee internal rotation-PECTINEUSOrigin: Superior pubic ramus (pectineal line)Insertion: Pectineal line of femurInnervation: Femoral nerveAction: Hip flexion, hip ADDuction-ADDUCTOR LONGUSOrigin: Pubic tubercleInsertion: Middle 1/3 of linea asperaInnervation: Obturator NerveAction: Hip flexion, hip ADDuction, (hip Internal Rotation; IR), -ADDUCTOR BREVISOrigin: Inferior pubic ramusInsertion: proximal 1/3 of linea asperaInnervation: Obturator NerveAction: Hip flexion, Hip ADDuction, (hip IR)-ADDUCTOR MAGNUSOrigin: Inferior pubic ramus, ischial ramus, ischial tuberosityInsertion: Linea aspera, adductor tubercleInnervation: Obturator nerve