BIO 3324 1nd Edition Lecture 9 Outline of Last LectureI. Sensory integration and processingOutline of Current Lecture II. Basic Behavioral PatternsIII. How memory worksIV. hippocampusV. Receptors Current LectureBasic behavioral patterns:Individual survival: eating and searching for foodSociosexual behavior: activity conducive to matingHypothalamus is responsible for the involuntary internal responses.There are two levels: simple and complexSimple: provides neural mechanisms necessary for implementing the appropriate skeletal muscle activity.ex.smileComplex: involves planning, strategy and judgment.Pre frontal and limbic association areas responsible for conscious learned control that may override the crude instinctive response.example: fearTwo parallel tracts are activated in response to a stimulusFast tract: amygdala-instinctive responseSlow tract: pre-frontal cortex-assesses andaralyzes the stimuli and formulates an appropriate responseThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. Grade Buddy is best Used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Learning:Acquisition of knowledge or skills as a consequence of experience, instruction or both.Reward and punishment are integral parts.Associative learning when two unrelated stimuli are associated with each other.Non associative learning results in a change in behavior response to repeated exposure to a single stimulus.Habituation-decreased responsiveness to repetitive presentations of indifferent stimuliSensitization- increased responsiveness to mid stimuli following a noxious or strong stimulusMemory:Storage of acquired knowledge for later recallBasis of behavioral adaptationMemory trace- neural changes responsible for retention and storage of knowledgeGeneral concepts rather than specific information are storedHippocampus:Vital role in short term memory by integrating various related stimuliCrucial for consolidation into long term memorySite for temporary long term memoryImportant role in declarative memories=conscious recallIn the memory there are multiple levels of storageShort term memory-seconds to hours; limited amount of storageWorking memory-temporarily holds and interrelates various information relevant to current taskLong term memory-days to years; vasts amount of storage.Reflexive memory-automatic and does not require conscious processes.Acquired slowly through repetition.Motor skills, procedures.etcLocated in the amygdala and cerebellum.Declarative memory-requires conscious processingKnowledge about ourselves and our world that can be reported verbally.Located in the temporal lobe.Consolidation- conversion of short term to long term memory.Memory is not stored in a single neuron. It changes in the pattern of signals transmitted across synapses within a vast neural network.Short term memory involves transient modification in the function of preexisting synapses.Long term memory involves permanent functional and structural changes between neurons.Cortical control of language:Usually located on the left side of the brainBrocas area: governs speaking and controls articulation of speechWernicke’s area: concerned with language comprehension and responsible for formulation of coherent patterns of speech.Afferent information:Visceral afferent-input derived from the internal viscera (organs)Input that is used to check homeostasisSubconsciousSensory afferentInput derived from sensory informationConsciousTwo types of sensory afferent informationSomatic sensations-somesthethic sensationsSpecial sensations-vision, hearing, smell, taste.Receptors: Located at the peripheral end of an afferent neuron that responds to a stimuliConverts the energy of the stimuli into an action potential that is transmitted to the CNSSpecialized to respond to a specific type of stimuliTypes of receptors:Chemoreceptors- sensitive to specific chemicalsMechanoreceptors-sensitive to mechanical energyThermo receptors-sensitive to heat and coldPhotoreceptors-respond to visible wavelengths of lightOsmoreceptors-detect changes in solute concentration in body fluidsNociceptors (pain receptors) sensitive to tissue damage; pinching, burning, distortionSome sensations are a combination of integrated inputsExample: wetness-there are no receptors-touch, pressure,