BIO 3324 1nd Edition Lecture 8Outline of Last LectureI. Brain Stem Outline of Current Lecture II. Sensory Integration and ProcessingIII. Voluntary muscle control. IV. Sleep-wake cycleV. EmotionVI. motivation Current LectureSensory Integration and processingLearning about how brain goes about processing information. We have a sensory responsible for things going inside and outside our body. Most information gives us information of what is going on. Information about joint and muscle position are directed to the cerebellum.It is process in different areas.Somatic sensory cortex-located in the parietal lobe, touch, temperature, pain, itches and body position.Visual cortex-located in the occipital lobe, receives information from the eyesOlfactory cortex-located in the temporal lobe, receives information from the noseAuditory cortex- located in temporal lobe, receives information from the earsGustatory cortex- located in frontal lobe, receives information from the taste buds.Perception- conscious awareness of surrounding derived from interpretation of sensory input. The words as we perceive it aren’t reality! What we detect is what we can process, if we lack receptors this brain cannot know.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. Grade Buddy is best Used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.The brain is responsible for accentuating, distorting, and manipulating input to extract the important information.Motor systems govern CNS output-The Skeletal muscle movement is controlled by somatic motor division. Neuroendocrine signals from the hypothalamus and adrenal medulla.Visceral responses- the smooth and cardiac muscles and the endocrine and exocrine glands.Voluntary muscle control- primary motor cortex.Lower brain regions and spinal cord control involuntary skeletal muscles, but also monitor and coordinate voluntary muscles set in motion by the primary motor cortex.The motor cortex is activated by three higher motor areas that command it: supplemental motor, pre-motor cortex, and posterior parietal cortex-supplemental motor-preparatory role in programming complex movement Pre-motor cortex-orientation of the body towards a specific target.Posterior parietal cortex-guides and provides input to pre-motor cortex.Cerebellum-planning, initiating and timing.Basal ganglia-inhibits muscle tone by selecting and maintains purposeful motor activity by suppressing useless or unwanted patterns of movements, monitor and control of slow sustainedcontractions (example is posture).All these together develop a motor program for a specific voluntary task.Consciousness-The Subjective awareness of the external world and self, including awareness of thoughts, receptions and dreams. Etc. Final awareness that resides in the cortex. Crude awareness resides in the thalamus.There are four states of consciousness:-maximum alertness-wakefulness-Sleep--coma.Sleep-wake cycle- normal cycle variation in awarenessSleep-not consciously aware of surroundings, but have inward consciousness (dreams) and can be aroused by external stimuli.-an active processTwo types:Slow wave sleep and paradoxical sleep (REM sleep)Sleep cycle-Sleep occurs in four stages with characteristic EEG patternsSlow wave sleep (stage 4)-characterized by high amplitude, low frequency delta wave. Lots of physical movement with conscious commandsREM (20 percent of sleep cycle) = 10-15 minutes: similar EEG activity as seen in awake persons, low amplitude, and high frequency. Motor neurons are inhibited (except eyes and respiratory). Areas of the brain are activated: higher visual processing area and limbic system. It has areas of the brain with reduced activity: prefrontal cortex and then “dreaming state”This state is due to interplay of three different neural systems:1) Arousal system-part of reticular activating system2) Slow-wave sleep center-hypothalamus containing sleep ON neurons3) Paradoxical sleep center- brain stem containing REM sleep ON neurons. 2&3 exhibit neurons that maintain awakedness. And 1 can override 2& 3.We sleep because it allows the brain to repair damage caused by free radicals. And allows the brain to shift gears to accomplish long term structural and chemical adjustments needed for learning and memory.Emotion-Subjective emotional feelings and moods and the associated overall physical responses.Specific regions within the limbic system appear to be responsible. (Amygdala-sensations of fear)Higher levels of the cortex give rise to the conscious awareness of emotional feelings.Motivation-direct behavior towards a specific goal. Some drives are related to survival. (Eating, drinking, mating)Others are linked to emotion. (Curiosity, mating)Homeostatic drives are the subjective urges that motivate the appropriate behaviors to satisfy homeostasis. (Thirst. Need for water)How well motivational drives are related to non-homeostatic goals is not well