Engineering 145Technology EntrepreneurshipHidden in Plain Sight:The Secret History of Silicon ValleyBuilding Blocks of EntrepreneurshipEntrepreneurs FinanceCrisis ProfitMotivationCooperativeCultureEntrepreneurialOutward-FacingTech UniversitiesRisk Capital24/7 UtilitiesPredictableEconomic SystemInfrastructureStableLegal SystemTechnicalLabs/UniversitiesSteve Blank 23 Sept 2008Free flow ofPeople/InformationHidden in Plain Sight: The Secret History of Silicon ValleyThe Genesis of Silicon Valley Entrepreneurship1950 1960 1970 1980 20001990Innovation NetworksDefensePersonalComputersIntegratedCircuitsInternetSteve Jobs Gordon Moore Marc Andressen Hewlett & PackardHidden in Plain Sight: The Secret History of Silicon ValleyA few caveats• Not a professional historian• Some of this is probably wrong• All “secrets” are from open-source literatureHidden in Plain Sight: The Secret History of Silicon ValleyFive Short StoriesHidden in Plain Sight: The Secret History of Silicon ValleyStory 1: WWII The First Electronic WarHidden in Plain Sight: The Secret History of Silicon ValleyStrategic Bombing of GermanyThe Combined Bomber Offensive• British bombed at Night– Area Bombing• Lancaster's• Halifax• Flew at 7 - 17 thousand feet• The American’s by Day– Precision Bombing• B-17’s• B-24’s• Flew at 15 - 25 thousand feetHidden in Plain Sight: The Secret History of Silicon ValleyHidden in Plain Sight: The Secret History of Silicon ValleyThe German Air Defense SystemThe Kammhuber Line• Integrated Electronic air defense network– Covered France, the Low Countries, and intonorthern Germany• Protection from British/US bomber raids– Warn and Detect– Target and Aim– DestroyHidden in Plain Sight: The Secret History of Silicon ValleyEarly Warning Radars in Occupied FranceHidden in Plain Sight: The Secret History of Silicon ValleyMammothEarly Warning Radar• 200 mile range– 150 MHz, 200KW, PRF 500hz,PW 3us, accuracy 0.5°• 100’ wide, 33’ high• 1st phased-array radar• Operational 1942• 20 builtHidden in Plain Sight: The Secret History of Silicon ValleyWassermanEarly Warning Radar• 175 mile range– 150 MHz, 200KW, PRF 500hz, PW3us, accuracy 0.25°• Backbone of the Germanearly warning network• Steerable tower 190’• Operational 1942• 150 builtHidden in Plain Sight: The Secret History of Silicon ValleyEarly Warning Radar RangeHidden in Plain Sight: The Secret History of Silicon ValleyHimmelbeltLocal Air DefenseNetwork• Box ~30 x 20 miles• Integrated networkof radars, flak,fighters,searchlightsHidden in Plain Sight: The Secret History of Silicon ValleyHimmelbelt Radar Order of Battle• Freya– early warning radar– detect allied bombers• Giant Wurzburg– Ground Controlled Intercept radar– direct fighters to bombers– fighters could then intercept withtheir on-board radar• Lichtenstein BC & SN2– Airborne radar on German fightersHidden in Plain Sight: The Secret History of Silicon ValleyFreyaEarly Warning Radar• 90 mile range– 150 MHz, 15KW, PRF 500hz,PW 3us, accuracy 1.5°• Steerable and mobile• Over 1000 deployedHidden in Plain Sight: The Secret History of Silicon ValleyGiant WurzburgGround Control Intercept Radar• 45 mile range– 533-566mhz frequencyagile, 10KW, PRF 1875hz,PW 2us• GCI radar• 25’ wide• over 1,500 deployedHidden in Plain Sight: The Secret History of Silicon ValleyHimmelbettAir Battle Air Traffic Control• Radars fed Himmelbett centers• Operators worked from rows ofseats in front of a huge screen• Fighters would fly orbits arounda radio beacon– fighter controller talked it to thevicinity of the target• Fighters would turn on its radar,acquire the target, and attackHidden in Plain Sight: The Secret History of Silicon ValleyHidden in Plain Sight: The Secret History of Silicon ValleyWurzburgAnti-Aircraft Radar• Fire control of flak batteries• 15 mile range– 533-566 MHz frequency agile– 10KW, PRF 3750hz, PW 2us,Accuracy 25 meters• 10 feet wide• Steerable and Mobile• ~ 5,000 deployedHidden in Plain Sight: The Secret History of Silicon ValleyFlak - Radar Controlled Anti Aircraft Guns• 400,000 soldiers in flakbatteries• Radar-directed flak to 30,000’– 128mm: 10 shells/minute– 105mm: 15 rounds/minute– 88mm: 15-20 rounds/minute• Fused for time– Fragmentation rounds– No Proximity Fuses105 mm flakHidden in Plain Sight: The Secret History of Silicon ValleyGerman Night-FightersOn-board Radar• Directed to vicinity by ground radar• Dornier Do 17, Junkers Ju 88,Messerschmitt Bf 110• “Lichtenstein” B/C then SN2 Radar– Range 2.5 miles, 600mhz/80mhz• Weak link was the groundcontroller comm channelHidden in Plain Sight: The Secret History of Silicon ValleyHidden in Plain Sight: The Secret History of Silicon ValleyGerman Day FightersVectored by Ground Radar• Ground Control Interceptradar talked the fighters intovisual range of the bombers• Messerschmitt BF-109,Focke Wolf 190• Weak link was the controllercomm channelHidden in Plain Sight: The Secret History of Silicon ValleyHidden in Plain Sight: The Secret History of Silicon ValleyNot many clear days a month in winterover EuropeHow did they see the target?Hidden in Plain Sight: The Secret History of Silicon ValleyBombing Through OvercastSolution: Air to Ground Bombing Radar• Radar aimed at the ground• Targets could be seen underclouds and rain• Outlines of major groundfeatures– map overlays• British in Mid 1943– H2S 300mhz• Americans in late 1943– H2X & APS-15 3ghzHidden in Plain Sight: The Secret History of Silicon ValleyMath ChallengeFor every 100 bombers on a mission4 - 20% would not returnCrews had to fly 25 mission to go homeHidden in Plain Sight: The Secret History of Silicon ValleyStory 2: The Electronic Shield -Electronic WarfareHidden in Plain Sight: The Secret History of Silicon ValleyHarvard Radio Research Lab (RRL)• Reduce losses to fighters and flak• Find/understand German Air Defense– Electronic and Signals Intelligence• Jam/confuse German Air Defense– Radar Order of Battle– Chaff– Jammers• Top Secret 800 person labHidden in Plain Sight: The Secret History of Silicon ValleyELINT using Ferret’s Find and understand German Air Defense• Ferret’s and Crows• B-24J flights to interceptGerman radar signals• Fitted with SIGINT receivers &displays• Wire and strip recorders– Frequency, pulse rate,