Introduction to Syntax, LINGUIST 401Assigned: Mar 3, 2005,Due: Mar 10, 2005Assignment 51. Pseudoclefts can be used to provide evidence for the constituency of a sequence of words. If asequence of words can appear in the postcopular position of a pseudocleft, then that sequence ofwords forms a constituent.(1) a. I love pepperoni and smoked turkey.b. Pseudocleft: What I love is pepperoni and smoked turkey.pepperoni and smoked turkey appears as the postcopular sequence of the pseudocleft in (1b). Hencewe can conclude that it is a constituent.Some other examples demonstrating pseudoclefts are provided below.(2) a. i. We donated a dialysis machine to the nephrology unit.ii. What we donated a dialysis machine to was the nephrology unit.b. i. Roumi and Dave soaked their feet after dinner.ii. When Roumi and Dave soaked their feet was after dinner.c. i. Roumi and Dave soaked their feet in the kitchen.ii. Where Roumi and Dave soaked their feet was in the kitchen.((2b, c.ii) are stilted and unnatural. For the purposes of this exercise, please ignore thisstiltedness. It might help you to read (2b.ii) prefixed by The time, and (2b.iii) prefixed byThe place.)a. Provide an explicit procedure which explains how to form a pseudocleft out of a simple sen-tence.b. Check if your procedure extends to the following case.(3) a. Roumi and Dave soaked their feet in a bucket.b. What Roumi and Dave did was soak their feet in a bucket.If it does, show that it does. If it does, show where it breaks down, and modify it so that it canhandle (3).c. Apply your procedure to the following sequences of words from (2b.i). Discuss what yourresults mean for the constituency of this sentence.(4) a. their feet after dinnerb. Roumi and Davec. soak their feet2. The following sentences look superficially similar.(5) a. He looked up the number.b. He walked up the hill.However, it turns out that they have rather different constituent structures. The most striking factis that in (5a) but not in (5b) the word up can appear at the end of the sentence.(6) a. He looked the number up.b. *He walked the hill up.Traditionally, verbs that behave like look up are called phrasal verbs.a. Thinkupfivemoreexamplesof phrasalverbs, andfive examplesofverbs whicharenot phrasalbut can appear in sentences like (5) with the same superficial structure. Then using the cleftingtest, the movement test, and the replacement test, determine the constituent structure of yourphrasal verbs andyour non-phrasal verbs. For the replacementtest, use there as a replacementfora PP constituent.b. Phrasal verbs differ in their syntax from non-phrasal verbs in a number of other ways. Forexample, phrasal verbswith pronominal objects tend towards unacceptability ifthe prepositionalelement precedes the pronoun.(7) a. He looked it up.b. *He looked up it.Check whether this is true of your examples, and show any contrasts you find with non-phasalverbs.c. Determine how your phrasal verbs and your non-phrasal verbs pattern with respect to theplacement of certain optional elements such as adverbials (slowly, often), simple prepositionalphrases (in the town), and complex prepositional phrases (as quickly as he could). Formulate ahypothesis that relates the pattern you find to the constituent structure of the two kinds of