Introduction to Syntax, LINGUIST 401Midterm ExamOctober 27, 2005Due: November 1, 2005Midterm ExamYou are not allowed to co-operate with your fellow classmates on this exam. Clarification ques-tions should be sent to me. In evaluating your responses, I will grade you on correctness, clarity,and precision. Your answers should present clearly the logic behind your choices.1. Consider the following set of data:(1) a. [If Johniis anxious], hei/jalways frowns.b. [If hei/jis anxious], Johnialways frowns.c. Hej/∗ialways frowns [if Johniis anxious].d. Johnialways frowns [if hei/jis anxious].a. Setting aside the evidence from binding theory, what trees are possible for the examples in(1)? Provide all the trees for (1a/b) and all the trees for (1c/d). (24 pts.) You should make thefollowing assumptions:(2) a. Treat if as a C, and the entire if-clause as an S-bar.b. To handle attachment of the if-clause S-bar, we can assume the following phrase struc-ture rules in addition to the ones we already have:i. S →¯S NP VPii. S →¯S Siii. S → NP VP¯Siv. S → S¯Sv. VP → V (NP)¯Svi. VP → VP¯Sb. Which of the trees generated by the rules in (2) are ruled out by the evidence from bindingtheory? Consequently, which of the rules given above must be rejected? You must provide thereasoning behind your answer for this question. No credit will be awarded for merely providingthe answer. (18 pts.)2. The following examples involve four Noun Phrases and are all ungrammatical for reasonspertaining to binding theory. Construct trees for each example and identify the source of theungrammaticality.(3) (24 pts. overall)a. *Heithinks that [hisipodiatrist]jlikes Johni.b. *[Paula’sisister]jbelieves that [heritaxidermist]klikes herselfj.c. *[The seamstress]idoubts that shejlikes [herifishmonger]j.d. *[[The cook’s]iwife]jsuspects that [[the thief’s]klover]lloathes himl.(3 pts. for each tree, 3 for the source of the ungrammaticality)3. The following example is many-ways structurally ambiguous.(4) They decided that they should read this book on the moon.a. Identify the ambiguities, construct trees for each interpretation, and indicate which interpreta-tion goes with which tree. (15 pts., 3 pts. for each tree, 2 pts. for the interpretation)b. The following minimal variation of (4) cannot be interpreted in all of the ways possible for (4).(5) They decided on the moon that they should read this book.Indicate which readings are available, which ones are absent, and draw trees for the availablereading(s). (9 pts.)c. Explain why (4) and (5) differ in the way they do. (10