Study Guide for Midterm 4: Due to the shortened classes , longer labs and our day-long field trip our exam will cover material from two chapters this week. The PowerPoints include Cardiovascular I and Cardiovascular II. Text material is covered in chapters 19( Mostly) and 20 and it is considerable. Use the cardiovascular worksheets we completed during class time to facilitate your study as well as the guide below. These concepts may be among the questions selected for the exam. CHAPTER 19: Define and distinguish the pulmonary and systemic circuits of the circulatory system. Describe the general location of the heart. Describe the pericardial sac that encloses the heart Know the pathway of blood through the heart itself and the individual valves. ( Study figure 19.30 in text) What happens when valves Prolapse? When they are stenoic? Long-term consequences? In What are the layers of the heart? Function for each ( general) Discuss the conduction system of the heart. Describe the “ Frog Sushi” mechanism behind the heart otherwise known as Intrinsic or autorhythmic conduction . Where do we find the Sinoatrial Node? Significance in conduction? Atrioventricular Node? Significance? Bundle of His? Purkinje Fibers? Significance of each? See pathway on Powerpoint too . How is an intercalated disk composed? What is the purpose of the disk? What is the function of gap junction here? What other features are found? See the Pacemaker Potential and action potential diagram ( figure 19.14) This is different from the Action potential for the myocardial contraction cells. See the AP for the Cardiac Myocyte . Remember how that differs even from skeletal muscle. How does it differ? Look at the long refractory period. What does this allow for? Know the basics of an EKG and the general errors that are shown in text. Heart Rate: Where do you take one’s pulse? What is tachycardia? Bradycardia? What is a POSITIVE CHRONTROPIC AGENT? A NEGATIVE CHRONOTROPIC AGENT?What is a Baroreceptor? A Chemoreceptor? When is each used for which situation? Blood pressure change? Low Oxygen conc. ? Know the difference. Know how parasympathetic and sympathetic affect heart ( all covered above ) Describe VAGAL tone in the cardioinhibitory center of the Medulla Oblongata. What happens to the heart when the Vagus nerve secretes Ach which bind to muscurinic receptors? Why? Be familiar with the Baroreceptor reflex Arc for which lowers blood pressure. What is Stroke Volume? What is Cardiac Output? What does this have to do with anything?? Read about Exercise and Cardiac Output and this may JOG your memory…Also FRANK STARLING’s LAW is a symbolic way of stating stroke volume. What is this law? Chapter 20 For this chapter we will cover the following Text Sections ONLY: 1. The general anatomy of the blood vessels: Be able to compare and contrast the general differences for arteries and veins especially. Know the tunica compositions. 2. Peripheral resistance ( Through the hormonal control mechanisms…aldosterone, ANP etc.) 3. Capillary Exchange ( Read the overview through through transcytosis section ( we will go over the Filtration/absorption in class during kidney unit.) 3. Mechanisms of Venous Control : Know highlighted