Adipocytes and LeptinHey brother! Did You Eat ALL the Cheese ?Other Hormones (Short Term)What are the other hormones?What are PROTEINS?Structure of an Amino AcidSome Amino AcidsAmino Acids Join TogetherA Polypeptide Chain: The Beginning of a ProteinESSENTIAL VS. NON-ESSENTIAL?How Many Essential Amino Acids?TO GET ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS YOU MUST CONSUME COMPLETE PROTEINSIN YOUR LIVER……THEN IN YOUR KIDNEYS…..Slide 15CarbsDIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATES (STARCH)During Low Blood SugarDuring High Blood Sugar (after a meal)The Ideal Carbohydrate: Complex and Unrefined (Whole Grain)FatsSlide 22Simple CalorimeterRespiration in a NutshellSlide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Adipocytes and LeptinLeptin , makes you feel full, satisfied. You stop eating.Hey brother! Did You Eat ALL the Cheese ?Other Hormones (Short Term)•Peptide YY (PYY): This Hormone also initiates a feeling of satiation. Released from ileum and colon ( Satiation)•Grelin ( Secreted from parietal cells) Has opposite effect. Tells us we are hungry ( usually during cephalic phase) too much of this hormone and we keep eating. Some obese have too much Ghrelin.What are the other hormones?•CCK –cholecytokinin ( from the small Intestine) teminates hunger•Insulin- terminates hungerWhat are PROTEINS? •Proteins are the structural components of bones and muscles. They also make up important molecules (most) that make up your cell membranes and blood, hormones and other instrumental molecules that work biological systems. •Proteins are made up of smaller units called amino acids. Twenty amino acids are found in food. The body makes eleven; nine must be consumed and are essential.Structure of an Amino AcidAmino group, carboxyl group, H-group and and R-group=aaSome Amino AcidsAmino Acids Join TogetherA Polypeptide Chain: The Beginning of a ProteinESSENTIAL VS. NON-ESSENTIAL?•ESSENTIAL: Means you must consume these nutrient in your diet…….•8 AMINO ACIDS are ESSENTIAL •Complete Proteins contain all of the essential amino acids Incomplete Proteins do not. Animal proteins are complete.How Many Essential Amino Acids?• • There are Eight• This means we can make the other 12 amino acids.TO GET ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS YOU MUST CONSUME COMPLETE PROTEINSIN YOUR LIVER……EXCESS proteins & other nitrogenous compounds are broken down in the liver by a process called deamination. As a result of these reactions, a nitrogenous waste called UREATHEN IN YOUR KIDNEYS…..•The UREA is mixed with salts and excess water to form URINE our main nitrogenous wastes.Carbs •Carbohydrates supply energy to the brain, nervous system, and blood as well as provide fuel for high intensity exercise. If we do not consume enough carbs we synthesize them from proteins, in rare occurrences, when both are lacking,the body breaks down the proteins in vital organs.•Simple carbs include sucrose, fructose, maltose, lactose, all of which consist of two sugar molecules. Complex carbs….discussed earlier.DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATES (STARCH)During Low Blood Sugar•During, Glucagon is released by Low Blood Sugar The Hormone the liver. This hormone converts stored glycogen into glucose and raises blood sugar. When you eat blood sugar will “turn on” insulin and “turn off” glucagon.During High Blood Sugar (after a meal)1. Pancreas is stimulated to release insulin which stimulates the cells to uptake glucose from blood.2. Insulin also converts Excess glucose to glycogen(a polymer of glucose and thus a storage form) in the liver.The Ideal Carbohydrate: Complex and Unrefined (Whole Grain)• Complex Carbohydrate: This is a carbohydrate consisting of long chains (up to hundreds of sugar units). It takes much longer to digest than a short chain. •Ultimately ALL carbs are digested to glucose and released into the bloodstream. Once this occurs the pancreas releases the hormone insulin, which allows cells to take up glucose and use it for energy. The liver and muscle also take up glucose to provide carbohydrate storage in the form of glycogen.• The BEST Carbs are HIGH fiber ones. Whole grains contain the inner layer of the germ a middle layer of the endosperm, and an outer layer of bran….much more fiber than processed refined grains. We can’t digest these layers of “cellulose” as we do not possess the enzyme (cows do)Fats• Hydrogenation of fats causes the “cis” formation to go to “trans” of polyunsaturated fats. These fats originally had several double bonds …..oil.Simple Calorimeter•One Kilocalorie (our calorie) the amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of one liter of water 1degree centigrade. •Fat= 9/gr•Protein=4/gr•Carb.=4/grCalorimeter must be well insulated to be accurateRespiration in a