Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS2. Overview of reproduction3. Male reproductive system -- scrotum4. Testis5. Spermatogenesis6. Spermiogenesis7. Hormonal control of male reproduction8. The spermatic ducts9. Urethra 10. Accessory sex glands11. Semen (seminal fluid)12. Penis 13. Female reproductive organs14. Ovary 15. Oögenesis16. Follicles and the ovarian cycle I17. Follicles and the ovarian cycle II18. Uterine tubes19. Uterus 20. Vagina 21. External genitalia and the perineum22. The breasts and mammary glands 23. Female reproductive cycle24. Estrogen secretion and control25. Female cycle phases I26. Female cycle phases II27. Sexual responsesWhat is the essential difference between mitosis and meiosis?OVERVIEW OF REPRODUCTIONbiparental, and therefore not genetically identical gametesfertilization produces a zygote, which has its own geneticsWhat is the essence of reproduction?Role of the maleproduce spermintroduce sperm into the female bodyRole of the femaleproduce ova (eggs)receive sperm and provide for union of the gametesharbor an embryo/fetus and give birthnourish offspringPrimary sex organs (gonads – ovaries and testes)Secondary sex organs – everything else related to reproductionDartos’ fascia (muscle)Cremaster muscleTemperature regulationCremaster reflexDescent of the testesMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM -- SCROTUMdeep inguinal ringinguinal canalsuperficial inguinal ringscrotum epididymisDartos’ fasciatestisductus deferensinternal abdominal oblique musclecremaster muscleskin of scrotumtransverse section of penisscrotal septuminguinal canalsuperficial ringductus deferenstesticular arterypampiniform plexusautonomic nervesSpermatic cordductus deferenstesticular arterypampiniform plexusepididymisDartos’ fasciatunica albuginea of testisTunica vaginalisTunica albuginea250-300 lobulesSeminiferous tubulesGerminal epitheliumTESTIStunica albuginea covering testistunica vaginalisseminiferous tubuleseptalobulelumengerminal epitheliumseminiferous tubuletwo cell typesgerm cells = spermatogenesissustentacular (Sertoli) cells = spermiogenesis secrete inhibinbasement membraneInterstitial cells (of Leydig)secrete testosteroneSpermatogonium (2n2c)SPERMATOGENESISmitosismeiosisfirst meiotic division1º spermatocyte (2n4c)2 2º spermatocytes (1n2c)second meiotic division4 spermatids (1n1c)begin spermiogenesisbasement membrane + interstitial tissueLeydig cellsspermatogonia1º spermatocytes2º spermatocytesand spermatidsspermatozoaSertoli celllumenspermatogonium1º spermatocyte2º spermatocytesand spermatidsspermatozoaSustentacular (Sertoli) cellSPERMIOGENESISnourishmentwaste removalblood-testis barrierAnatomical maturationhead (nucleus + acrosome)midpiece (mitochondria)tail (flagellum)300 million sperm/daySEM of sperm in lumen of seminiferous tubuleheadmidpiecetailacrosomenucleusmitochondriaflagellumsperm 2sperm 1HORMONAL CONTROL OF MALE REPRODUCTIONhypothalamic Gn-RFanterior pituitary glandfollicle-stimulating hormone luteinizing hormonetestessustentacular cells spermatogonia interstitial cellsprepares for spermiogenesisinhibin secretionenter spermatogenesis testosterone secretiondevelopment of primary male sex characteristics(before birth)development of secondary male sex characteristics (beginning at puberty)1.enlargement of sex organs2.activation of accessory organs3.beginning of sexual behavior4.increased protein anabolism5.required for spermatogenesis and spermiogenesisnegative feedbacknegative feedbackStraight tubules Rete testis Efferent ductules Ductus epididymis THE SPERMATIC DUCTSfunctional maturationstorage (40 – 60 days)resorption if unused1. seminiferous tubuleDuctus (vas) deferens path in the bodyterminate as ampullajoins seminal vesicle ductEjaculatory ductpasses into prostate glandjoins urethra2. straight tubule3. rete testis4. efferent ductules5. ductus epididymis5. ductus epididymis6. ductus deferens6. ductus deferens7. ejaculatory duct8. urethraprostate glandseminal vesicleThree partsURETHRAprostaticmembranousspongy (penile)ductus epididymisductus deferensejaculatory ducturethraprostate glandseminal vesicleampulla of ductus deferenscorpus spongiosum of penisurinary bladderSeminal vesicles (60% of semen)ACCESSORY SEX GLANDSfructose/other carbohydratesprostaglandinsproseminogelin (fibrin-like)prostate glandseminal vesiclebulbourethral glandsProstate gland (30% of semen)citrate, calcium, phosphate ionsclotting enzymesserine proteaseBulbourethral glandspre-ejaculatory fluidmucusacid buffersSperm (10%) + accessory gland secretions (90%)2 – 5 ml per ejaculate with 50 – 120 million sperm per mlWhat happens at ejaculation?SEMEN (SEMINAL FLUID)prostatic fluid and seminal vesicle fluids mixed at emissionproseminogelin  seminogelin by prostatic clotting enzymessemen becomes stickyentangles sperm, sticks semen to vaginal and cervical surfacesprevents semen from draining out of vaginaprostatic serine protease breaks down seminogelin after 20-30 minsemen liquifiessperm become very activeprostaglandins help to thin cervical mucus plug and may stimulate uterine contractions, helping sperm into uterine cavity2 requirements for sperm motility are metvaginal pH (3.5 – 4.0) brought to 7.5fructose and other sugars provide substrate for sperm ATP productionParts PENISinternal = root and cruraexternalbody (shaft)glans (head) with prepucesperm pathwayErectile tissuesdilation of deep arterylacunae fill with blooderectile tissues expand and hardenpenile veins pinched offcorpora cavernosa (2)corpus spongiosumErectile physiologyprostate glandprostatic urethrapelvic diaphragmmembranous urethracrus of the peniscorpora cavernosaglans penisbulbourethral glandbulb of the penispenile urethradeep artery of the peniscoronacorpus spongiosumskin superficial dorsal veinconnective tissuedorsal arterydeep dorsal veincorpus cavernosumdeep arterytunica albugineacorpus spongiosumurethraFEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANSInternal genitalia2 ovaries2 oviducts (uterine or Fallopian tubes)uterusvaginaExternal genitaliaclitorislabia minoralabia majoraBreasts and mammary glandsuterusurinary bladderpubic symphysisrectumanusvaginaurethraclitorisANTERIORview from above into pelvisoviductovaryrectumurinary bladderuterusileumcecumDevelopmentLocationStructure OVARYtunica albugineacortex